Hydrosphere Online Test 11th Geography Lesson 3 Questions in English

1. Over 95% of the world’s supply of fresh water is in Antarctica.
2. 80% of the world population lives in the driest part of the planet

1. Water on the surface of the earth,
2. Ground water
3. Water in the atmosphere

1. 70.8% area of earth (261million square km) is covered by water.
2. 29.2% area of earth (148 million square km) is covered by land

1. Fresh water occupies only 2.5% of the earth
2. Saline ground water and saline lakes together form 2% of the earth

1. River Ganga has its source from Gangotri glacier in the Himalayas.
2. River Cauvery has its source from in Talacauvery located in Kodagu district of Karnataka.

1. Nile                        - 1. South America
2. Amazon                 - 2. Nile
3. Yangtze                 - 3. USA
4. Mississippi          - 4. Asia

1. The Yangtze River, which flows in China, is the longest river in Africa,
2. Yangtze is the fourth longest river in the world

WRIS stands for

1. Caspian Sea
2. Lake Baikal
3. Wular Lake
4. Victoria lake

1. Lagoon lake           - formed by wave deposition
2. Chilika lake           - largest lagoon in India
3. Lonar lake - located in Maharashtra

1. Lake Toba             - 1. Odisha
2. Chilika Lake          - 2. Sumatra
3. Lunar Lake            - 3. Maharashtra
4. Sambar Lake          - 4. Rajasthan

1. Wetlands are areas of marshy, fen, peat lands
2. These waters are static or flowing

1. Swamps are shallow wetlands around lake, streams or the oceans where grasses and reeds are common without trees.
2. Marsh is a wetland with lush trees and vines found in low lying area beside slow moving rivers.

1. The upper part of the saturated zone of aquifers is called ground water.
2. The level of water table does not fluctuate according to seasons.

1. Cryosphere includes the water in liquid state.
2. Glaciers, ice sheets, ice caps, lake and river ice does not included in cryosphere

1. Greenland
2. Antarctica
3. Finland
4. Alpine

1. Permafrost is the condition prevailing when water freezes above and below the ground for more than two consecutive years.
2. Most permafrost regions are located in low latitudes

1. Middle latitudes
2. Low mountains in higher latitudes
3. High mountains in lower latitude
4. Low mountains in lower latitudes

1. Sea ice is floating ocean water
2. Formation of sea ice, growth and melting are all confined to the ocean.
3. An ice shelf is a thick, floating slab of ice

1. Ross Ice Shelf                                - Arctic
2. Filchner-Ronne ice shelf            - Antarctica.
3. Iceberg                                           - Ice floating in open water

1. Cryosphere is water indicator.
2. Cryosphere with its low albedo influences the energy balance of the whole planet.
3. Changes in cryosphere will alter land cover, surface temperature, soil moisture etc.
4. There is a complex interaction and balance among the spheres of the earth which makes life to flourish in the earth.

1. The water in the oceans and seas is termed as marine water.
2. Continuous water body that surrounds the continents, created by earth’s internal force is known as sea

1. The term ocean takes its origin from the Latin word ‘Oceaonus’.
2. Meaning of Oceaonus is enormous river encircling the earth.

1. All the five oceans are interconnected to form one Global Ocean or World Ocean
2. Mean Sea Level (MSL) is the average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of the wave.
3. MSL is reference point to measure the height of land features and length of the sea features.

1. Marginal Sea         - 1. Body of saline water enclosed by land.
2. Sea                        - 2. Partially enclosed by islands
3. Cryosphere            - 3. Water in frozen state.

1. Andaman Sea
2. Arabian Sea
3. Bay of Bengal
4. Java Sea

1. Creek is a large body of water, with a narrow mouth, that is almost completely surrounded by land.
2. The world’s second largest gulf is the Gulf of Mexico

1. Sound
2. Creek
3. Bight
4. Cove

1. Strait is a broad channel of water, connecting two larger bodies of water.
2. Palk Strait connects Gulf of Mannar and Bay of Bengal

1. Landlocked Seas are completely surrounded by landmass on all sides with natural outlet.
2. They are actually hyper saline lakes.
3. Red Sea and Caspian Sea are good examples of landlocked seas.

1. Fjord is a long indented bay with steep slope.
2. Fjord has been created by the submergence of U shaped glacial valley.
3. Example: sogne Fjord in Norway (203 km).

1. Southern Ocean                - 1. 6%
2. Arctic Ocean                     - 2. 4%
3. Pacific Ocean                    - 3. 46%
4. Atlantic Ocean                  - 4. 24%
5. Indian Ocean                    - 5. 20%

1. The Suez Canal, an artificial sea level waterway in Uganda
2. It connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Dead Sea through the Isthmus of Suez.
3. Officially opened on November 17, 1969

1. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1621 named the ocean Pacific Ocean.
2. Its meaning ‘peaceful’

1. It is the third largest ocean in the world
2. It is the only ocean named after the country
3. Its calm open water has encouraged the sea trade earlier than Southern or Pacific Ocean

1. Bering Strait connects Arctic Ocean with Atlantic Ocean
2. Labrador Sea and Greenland Sea connects the Arctic Ocean with Pacific Ocean

1. The deepest point is Litke deep
2. It is located in Eurasian basin
3. Height of this deep is 5550 m

1. It is the intergovernmental organization
2. It surveys and produces charts for world seas, oceans and navigable waters

1. The high-tide line forms the base line for marking maritime zones.
2. Water landward of the baseline in defined as external waters over which the state has complete sovereignty.

1. A country’s territorial sea extends up to 24 nautical miles (22.2 km) from its baseline
2. The contiguous zone is a zone of water extending from the outer edge of the territorial sea up to 12 nautical miles (44.4 km) from the baseline.

1. INCOIS with its Marine Satellite Information Services uses the remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) to identify the locations of fish aggregation.
2. The details of the Potential Fishing Zones (PFZ) are then disseminated to the fishermen once in every two days.

1. The bottom of the ocean has a variety of landforms just as it is seen on the earth’s surface.
2. There are large mountain ridges, deep depressions, flat plains, basins and volcanoes.
3. The configuration of a sea is shown with the help of a ‘Hypsometric curve’.
4. It is a graph denoting the proportion of a landmass standing above or below the sea level

1. Continental shelf is the seaward extension of land that lies under the sea water.
2. It occupies 9% of the sea floor.
3. The continental shelf slopes gently away from the water

1. The width of the continental shelf varies according to the nature of the rock beneath the crust.
2. If the crust is dynamic then the shelf would be narrow and vice versa.

1. Fluvial deposits,
2. Marine erosion,
3. Tectonic forces,
4. Fluctuations in sea level in the past.

1. World famous fishing grounds like Grand Bank are situated here.
2. The world’s widest continental shelf is located along the coast of Siberia, in Australia
3. The world’s widest continental shelf is 1230 km long

1. Continental shelf on the west coast of India is formed by deltas of the Ganga, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Cauvery.
2. Continental shelf on the east coast of India the continental shelves are formed due to faulting and consequent submergence.

1. The zone of gentle slope extending from the continental shelf to the deep sea Plain is called continental slope.
2. The slope angle varies from 5° to 60°

1. The Abyssal plain is the vast area of flat terrain in the bottom of the oceans.
2. It is the largest part of ocean relief covering more than 50% of the total area

1. There is an accumulation of very fine sediments on the floor.
2. The sediments are combinations of fine particles of clay and microorganisms.
3. As in the case of sedimentary rocks of earth’s surface these sediments are in layers and are used to trace geological events in the past

1. The mid-ocean ridges are marine mountains.
2. They are Non continuous and are connected to form a single global mid oceanic ridge system.
3. They are formed by the tectonic forces acting above the earth.

1. Mid oceanic ridges are located on the convergent plate boundaries where magma flows through the fissure to form new oceanic crust.
2. They form the longest mountain range in the world extending for more than 56,000 km long and has a maximum width of 800–1,500 km.

1. The long, narrow, steep-sided depressions formed by tectonic forces beneath the continental rise are called Ocean trenches.
2. Oceanic trenches actually extend 3 to 4 km below the level of the continental slope

1. 3                                        - 1. The Pacific Ocean
2.  1                                       - 2. The Atlantic Ocean
3. 22                                      - 3. The Indian Ocean.

1. Aldrich trench also called as Tonga Trench
2. It is located in South Pacific.
3. Height of the trench is 10882 m

1. Challenger in Mariana Trench                    - 1. North Pacific
2. Tonga Trench                                                  - 2. South Pacific
3. Kurile Trench                                                  - 3. North Pacific Tizar
4. Romanche Trench                                          - 4. South Atlantic
5. Sunda Trench                                                  - 5. East of Indian Ocean

1. Challenger in Mariana Trench        - 1. 10,994
2. Aldrich or Tonga Trench                  - 2. 10,882
3. Kurile Trench                                     - 3. 10,554
4. Tizar Romanche                                - 4. 7,761

• It is a land is a landmass surrounded by water on all sides.
• It may be formed on the continental shelf or as oceanic islands.

1. Group of islands formed by subduction of ocean plate
2. These group of islands are known as archipelago.
3. Islands of Japan form an archipelago.

1. Most of the oceanic islands are volcanic in origin.
2. Marine organisms, the coral polyps colonize the tropical warm water and form islands known as coral islands.
3. Lakshadweep Island in Indian Territory are volcanic origin.
4. Andaman Nicobar islands made of corals.

1. Seamounts are spherical, volcanic hills submerged under ocean water.
2. It reach to the water’s surface.
3. It is an isolated rise with an elevation of thousand meters or more from the surrounding sea floor and with a limited summit area

1. Sea mounts occupies 3.39 percent of ocean region.
2. Seamounts and guyots are most abundant in the South Pacific Ocean

1. In the Pacific Ocean, the continental shelf are very vast.
2. Absence of mid oceanic ridges is the main reason for deep sea plains.

1. Albatross plateau
2. Cocas ridge
3. Aleutian ridge

1. Pacific Ocean has about 35,000 islands.
2. There are number of archipelagos both in East and South Pacific Ocean

1. The Hawaii islands were formed by hotspot.
2. The challenger deep in Mariana trench is the deepest part of Pacific Ocean (10994m).

1. Newfoundland in the North Atlantic Ocean is called Grand bank
2. British islands in South Atlantic Ocean is called Dogger Bank.

• The ridge separates the Eurasian Plate and North American Plate in the North Atlantic, and the African Plate from the South American Plate in the South Atlantic
• Iceland and Faroe are the few peaks of this ridge.

1. Sandwich Island
2. Georgia Island
3. Falkland Island
4. Shetland Islands

1. The West Indies is an island archipelago near the main land of South America.
2. British Isles and Newfoundland are famous islands, formed on the continental shelf in the South Atlantic Ocean

1. Arab Indian ridge
2. West Australian ridge
3. South Madagascic Indian ridge
4. Eastar ridge

1. Sunda deep near Java is the longest part of Indian Ocean
2. Sunda deep is 7950m

1. The measurement of degree of hotness or coldness of ocean water is referred to as ocean heat
2. Temperature is normally measured in the unit of degree Celsius by thermometer.

1. Latitude
2. Longitude
3. Prevailing winds
4. Ocean currents
5. Local weather

1. Direction of the wind affects the distribution of pressure of ocean water.
2. The off shore winds blowing from the ocean towards land raise the temperature of ocean water.
3. Winds blowing from snow covered regions in winter lower the surface temperature

1. In trade wind belt, the off shore winds initiate upwelling of warmer water from beneath
2. In trade wind belt the on shore winds pile up warm water to decrease the temperature to certain extent.

1. Submarine ridges
2. Storms
3. Cyclones
4. Hurricanes
5. Fog
6. Cloudiness
7. Evaporation

1. The diurnal range and annual range of temperature of ocean is much higher than that of the land.
2. The temperature of the sea surface is highest (27°C to 30°C) not near Equator but few degrees north of the Equator.

1. The uppermost layer of ocean water is cold and well mixed surface layer
2. The average temperature of upper most layer of ocean water is between 20° and 35°C.
3. The depth of this layer does not varies according to seasons.
4. On an average this layer extends up to 500 m in tropical region

1. Beneath the upper most layer of ocean lies the thermocline layer.
2. Thermocline layer varies in depth Between 500 meter to 1000 meter.
3. Thermocline layer is unique that the temperature increases rapidly with increasing depth.

1. Below the thermocline temperature decrease is gradual up to 5000m.
2. Beneath this depth the temperature of ocean water is constant at 9°C

1. Depth of water is measured in the unit ‘Fathom’.
2. One fathom is equal to 1.8 meter
3. One fathom is equal to six feet

1. Salinity is defined as the ratio between the weights of dissolved salts per 100 grams of water.
2. Salinity is expressed as part per thousand (%) and has no units.

1. The rate of condensation
2. Amount of precipitation,
3. Addition of fresh water flow from seas
4. Ice in Polar Regions

1. Sea water is a weak but complex solution
2. It is made up of many things including mineral salts
3. It is made up of decayed biological marine organisms.

1. In partially enclosed seas, their bottom relief and the submarine ridges with shallow water allow free mixing of open sea water.
2. The temperature at the depth of 1800m in the Dead Sea is higher than the temperature recorded at the same depth in the Indian Ocean.

• Assertion (A): The highest salinity is observed between 20° and 40° north latitudes.
• Reason (R): This zone is characterized by low temperature, low evaporation but high rain than the equatorial region.

• Assertion (A): The marginal areas of the oceans bordering the continents have lower salinity than their interior.
• Reason (R): addition of fresh water to the marginal areas through the rivers

1. Lake Von               - 1. 330‰
2. Dead Sea               - 2. 238‰
3. Great Salt Lake      - 3. 220‰

1. Salinity of Dead Sea is 6.8 times saltier than other oceans.
2. The shore of Dead Sea is 324m below sea level.
3. It has the highest elevation on land.

• The sea is 377m deep.
• The high salt content will make people float on the sea

1. The waves are oscillating movements in the ocean water which transfer temperature from place to place.
2. Waves are caused by friction of wind on the surface of water
3. Waves are caused by any other disturbances on the sea bottom

1. Trough                     - 1. The upper or highest part of a wave
2. Wave height           - 2. The lowest part of a wave
3. Crest                        - 3. The vertical distance between the crest and the trough

1. The vertical distance between two crests.
2. The vertical distance between two troughs

1. Wave amplitude is two-half of the wave height.
2. Fetch is the distance of open water across which the wind cannot blow without interruption

1. The number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point per unit of time is frequency.
2. 1000 waves per sec per cm is called frequency
3. Velocity refers to speed and direction.

1. The time taken by one wavelength to pass a fixed point is known as period.
2. Steepness of the wave is equal to the length divided by height

1. The rhythmic rise and fall of the sea water is called tide
2. Tide is formed due to gravitational push of the moon and the sun
3. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) was the first person to explain tides scientifically

1. The rise of seawater towards the land is known as High tide or flow tide.
2. The fall of seawater more towards land is known as ‘Low tide water’.
3. Low tide water also called as ebb tide

1. The highest high tide occurs on full moon day.
2. The highest high tide occurs on new moon day
3. The highest high tide is known as spring tide
4. Spring tide happens when the sun, earth and moon aligned in vertical line.

1. The lowest low tide is known as neap tide.
2. Neap tide happens when the sun, earth and moon are positioned at left angles.

1. The movement of ocean water as a result of tidal action is known as a tidal current.
2. In places of narrow coastal inlet these tidal currents flow rapidly through the mouth with lesser height and velocity
3. Bay of Fundy, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick of China, the difference between high and low tides is as high as 14m.

1. Kandla
2. Kolkata
3. Chennai
4. Mumbai

1. Tides help to clear the sediments deposited by lakes on their bed and thus prevent siltation of harbors.
2. The energy of the tides is used to generate electricity

1. UK
2. Canada
3. France
4. Japan
5. US

1. Earth’s rotation
2. Revolution of the earth
3. Rainfall
4. Temperature
5. Salinity
6. Density
7. Air pressure
8. Winds

1. In the order of velocity ocean currents can be classified as drifts, currents and streams.
2. Currents are movement of surface water of low velocity influenced by prevailing winds
3. Drifts are movement of oceanic water in definite direction and greater velocity

1. Ocean currents are distinguished by the pressure they possess.
2. When ocean currents originate from equator it is termed as cold current.
3. When a current starts from polar region it is termed as warm current.

1. Down welling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves movement of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water.
2. Upwelling is the process of accumulation and sinking of cold high saline water beneath warmer or fresher water.

1. Equator to tropics
2. Equator to pole
3. Pole to equator
4. Tropics to equator

1. The gyre circulates is clockwise in the southern hemisphere
2. The gyre circulates anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere

1. The volume of water increases from east to west
2. Because many small currents join it from left

1. North Equatorial current gets divided into two
2. The southern branch joins the Kuroshio Current
3. The northern branch abruptly turns and forms the Pacific counter current.

1. South equatorial current extends for about 11,600km
2. South equatorial current extends from east to west

1. South equatorial current is originated due the action of the western disturbance from east to west.It is a cold current.
2. It extends for about 13,600km