Human Rights And UNO 8th Social Science Lesson 16 Questions in English

8th Social Science Lesson 16 Questions in English

16. Human Rights And UNO

1. Choose the Incorrect statements.

A. Every individual in the world has the duty to lead a life of his own choice.

B. Human Rights are related to Individual and society.

C. The Human rights ensure us to live as rich people.

D. The state’s role is to ensure that people have equal rights.

a) C only

b) B and C

c) B and D

d) All the above

Explanation

Everybody is born equal. Each individual has the right to live life of own choice. These rights are related to Individual and society. It also denotes all those rights ensure to live as free people and exercise our choices. The state’s ensures the equal rights of people.

2. Which of the parameters are also involved in Human Rights?

a) Freedom from slavery

b) Freedom of opinion

c) Right to work and education

d) All the above

Explanation

Human Rights are related to Individuals and society. These rights include freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression and fair trial, the right to life work and education.

3. Which of these countries doesn’t have the root form for basic rights and freedom?

a) American

b) European

c) Asian

d) African

e) Both c and d

Explanation

A set of basic rights and freedoms has deep roots in European and American Countries.

4. Match

A. The Petition of Right 1. 1789

B. The French Declaration 2. 1689

C. The English Bill of Rights 3. 1679

D. The Habeas Corpus 4. 1628

a) 4231

b) 2134

c) 4123

d) 1234

Explanation: There are lot of written precursors of Human Rights Documents. Some of them are, The Magna carta of England -1215, The petition of England-1628, The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, The English bill of Rights of 1689 and the French Declaration-1789.

5. Which of the given act made the king subject to the law of people rights?

a) The Magna Carta of England

b) The US constitution and Bill of Rights

c) The Habeas Corpus Act

d) The Petition of Right

Explanation

The Magna Carta of England of 1215 England gave some new rights to people and made the king subject to the law.

6. What is the significance of the US constitution and Bill of Rights 1791?

a) New rights to the people

b) Basic civil rights

c) All citizens are equal

d) Safeguards the rights of the citizens

Explanation

There are lot of written precursors of Human Rights documents which has deep roots in European and American Countries. In that the US constitution and Bill of Rights of the year 1791 is passes to safeguards the rights of the citizens.

7. Which was the main cause for formation of United Nations?

a) First world war

b) Long Depression of US

c) Second world war

d) Imperialism

Explanation

The Idea of Human Rights emerged after Second World War. The violation of Human Rights and lot of people lost their lives in the war. This was the key reason for drafting an International body United Nations Organisations.

8. Assertion (A): The Second World War atrocities make clear that the individual rights were not protected by the concern Governments.

Reasoning (R): The Government of some countries alone could not protect Human Rights.

a) Both A and R is correct and R is the correct Explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is correct but R is not the correct Explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

During the time of Second World War human lives lost its value and atrocities during the war made clear that the efforts taken by governments were inadequate. It is also proved that the government of some countries alone could not protect Human Rights.

9. Where the United Nations Organisation was was drafted in 1945?

a) Switzerland

b) Geneva

c) San Francisco

d) New York

Explanation

The Second World War led the people wanted to ensure that no one would be unjustly denied life, freedom, food, shelter and nationality. These voices played a critical role in San Francisco meeting in the year 1945. This made an international organisation like United Nations Organisations to be formed in the same year.

10. Which of the UN programmes have Human rights as a main theme in their policies?

a) Peace and Security

b) Development

c) Economic Affairs

d) Social Affairs

e) All the above

Explanation

The United Nations Organization was established on 24th October 1945took up the Human rights issues seriously. Thus Human Rights are an important theme in all UN policies and programmes in the areas of peace and security, Development, Humanitarian assistance and Economic and Social affairs.

11. Which is considered to be great achievements of United Nations?

a) Peace and Harmony

b) Ending the second world war

c) Creating Human Rights Law

d) Joining many countries in UN

Explanation

One of the greatest achievements of UN is the creation of Human Rights law. It created a separate commission on Human Rights.

12. Who was guiding the Human Rights Commission initially?

a) Franklin D Roosevelt

b) Eleanor Roosevelt

c) George Washington

d) Sir Winston Churchill

Explanation

The United Nations Organization created Human rights law and also established a Commission. This Human Rights commission was guided by Eleanor Roosevelt’s forceful leadership captured the worlds attention.

13. In which year the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted?

a) 1945

b) 1946

c) 1947

d) 1948

Explanation

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was finally adopted by the UN general Assembly in the year 1948.

14. Where the United Nations did proclaimed the Human Rights Declarations?

a) Geneva

b) New York

c) Paris

d) Italy

Explanation

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by UN in the year 1948. It is a milestone document in the history of Human Rights. This Declaration was proclaimed by the UN Assembly in Paris, France in the year 1948.

15. From which year the Human Rights day is observed and on which date it is celebrated every year?

a) 1950, Oct 10

b) 1949, Oct 12

c) 1950, Dec 10

d) 1950, Nov 10

Explanation

The Human Rights declaration was proclaimed by the UN assembly in Paris on 10th December 1948. In remembrance of every year 10th December is observed as Human Rights Day and it has commenced from the year 1950.

16. By which Resolution the UDHR was proclaimed by the UN?

a) 216 A

b) 217 A

c) 215 A

d) 212 B

Explanation

The Human Rights declaration was proclaimed by the UN general assembly meeting in the year 1948 in Paris, France. It was passed by the Assembly Resolution 217A.

17. Which is known as the Magna Carta of Human Rights?

a) The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679

b) The French Declaration, 1789

c) The Us Constitution and Bill of Rights, 1791

d) The UDHR, 1948

Explanation

The UDHR is also known as the Magna Carta of Human Right. Its principles have been incorporated into the most of the nations.

18. Choose the incorrect statements regarding UDHR.

A. UHDR does not have a Preamble part.

B. More than 185 nations have incorporated UHDR in their constitutions.

C. It is the most translated document in the world.

D. It is translated into 200 languages.

a) A, C, D

b) C, D

c) A, D

d) B,C

Explanation

UDHR is known as the Magna Carta of Human rights. Its principles have been incorporated in constitutions of more than 185 countries. It has been translated into more than 500 languages in the world which makes it the most translated document in the world.

19. Cyrus the Great was the first king of _____ to free the slaves.

a) Persia

b) Rome

c) France

d) Egypt

Explanation

Cyrus, the First King of ancient Persia, freed the slaves and declared that all people had the right to choose their own religion.

20. In which language the decrees were recorded in the clay cylinder?

a) Latin

b) English

c) Hebrew

d) Akkadian

Explanation

Cyrus was the first king to free slaves and established the racial equality. These orders were recorded on a baked clay cylinder in the Akkadian language in cuneiform script.

21. In how many languages the Cyrus cylinder was translated?

a) 3

b) 4

c) 6

d) 7

Explanation

The Cyrus Cylinder 539 BCE was translated into six official languages of United Nations and its provisions parallel the first four Articles of the UDHR.

22. What were the inferences from the Cyrus cylinder?

A) Cyrus was king of Persia

B) Freed the thieves

C) Established Racial equality

D) Religious freedom

a) A only

b) B, C, D only

c) C only

d) A, C, D only

Explanation

Cyrus the Great king of Persia was the first king to free the slaves and declared that all people had the right to choose the religion on their own. He established racial equality.

23. What are the values is the base of the Human rights?

a) Dignity

b) Justice

c) Equality

d) All the above

Explanation

The Human Rights are based on three main values of Dignity, Justice and Equality.

24. Match

A. Dignity 1. Right to fair trial

B. Equality 2. Right to integrity

C. Justice 3. No discrimination

a) 231

b) 123

c) 213

d) 321

Explanation

The Human Rights are based on the values of ,

Dignity – right to life and integrity, prohibition of enforced labour, slavery and degrading punishment.

Justice – The right to fair trail, proportional punishment to crime, right not to be trialled more than once for the same crime.

Equality – Equality before law. No discrimination on race, religion, gender, age , ability and disability etc.

25. Which one are not the basic characteristics of Human Rights?

a) Indivisible

b) Inclusiveness

c) Inalienable

d) Interdependent

Explanation

The Basic characteristics of Human Rights are Inherent, Fundamental, Inalienable, Indivisible, Universal, and Interdependent.

26. Assertion (A) : Human Rights are not granted by any person or authority.

Reasoning (R): Human Values are the based on the values of Dignity.

a) Both A and R is correct and R is the correct Explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is correct but R is not the correct Explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is False.

d) Both A and R are False

Explanation

Human Rights are based on the values of Dignity, Justice, and Equality. As per the basic characteristics of Human Rights they are not granted by any person or authority.

27. Choose the Incorrect statements regarding basics of Human Rights.

A. Human Rights can be taken away from the individual.

B. It can’t be denied even when other rights have been given.

C. They are universal.

D. They are Fundamental Rights.

a) A only

b) C, D only

c) B, C, D only

d) B only

Explanation

The basic characteristics of Human Rights ensure that it cannot be taken away from any individual and they are Fundamental Rights of man. They are applied universally irrespective of one’s origin. They can’t be denied even when other rights have already been enjoyed.

28. How many articles are there in UDHR?

a) 25

b) 30

c) 35

d) 40

Explanation

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights consists of 30 Articles. They are classified into five main categories.

29. Assertion (A): The Social Rights refers to basic rights afforded by law of the government.

Reasoning (R): This includes the right to education, health, care, food and clothing.

a) Both A and R is correct and R is the correct Explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is correct but R is not the correct Explanation of A.

c) A is False but R is true.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

The Social Rights are necessary for an adequate standard of living including the right to education, health, care, food, clothing, shelter, and social security.

30. Which Rights are related to the constitution of a Country?

a) Cultural Rights

b) Social Rights

c) Civil Rights

d) Economical Rights

Explanation

Civil Rights vary greatly from country to countries or government to government. It is related to the constitution of a Country.

31. Which Rights guarantees every person to meet their needs?

a) Political Rights

b) Economic Rights

c) Cultural Rights

d) Social Rights

Explanation

The Economic Rights makes possible to participate in an economy that benefits all and to desirable work. This right assures every person to have condition under which they are able to meet their needs.

32. Which of the two rights are related to Democracy?

a) Political and Economic Rights

b) Civil and Economic Rights

c) Political and Civil Rights

d) Social and Political Rights

Explanation

Political Rights are exercised in the formation and administration of a government. The Civil and Political Rights are directly related to modern democracy.

33. What types of rights are included in Cultural Rights?

a) Freedom of speech

b) Right to property

c) Right to share in scientific advancement

d) Rights to employment

Explanation

The Cultural Rights gives the freedom of religion and to speak language and to practice the cultural life of the community. Also the right to share in scientific advancement and right to protection of moral and material interest.

34. Assertion (A): Human rights belong to everyone, everywhere, regardless of nationality.

Reasoning (R): Human Rights are creation of the society.

a) Both A and R is correct and R is the correct Explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is correct but R is not the correct Explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

Human Rights are considered universal to all human beings and universal in countries. Civil rights are creation of the society.

35. Do all the Countries grant or deny same Civil Rights and liberties?

a) Yes, Civil Rights are common to all people

b) No, it varies with country to country or government to governments.

c) Depends on the Constitution

d) None of the above

Explanation

Civil rights vary greatly from country to country or government to government. It is related to the constitution. Different nations can grant or deny different civil rights and liberties.

36. Match

A. Cultural Rights 1. Right to Social Security

B. Economic Rights 2. Right to vote

C. Political Rights 3. Right to freedom of religion

D. Social Rights 4. Right to life

E. Economic Rights 5. Right to property

a) 35214

b) 42315

c) 52341

d) 13254

Explanation

The Rights are classified into five primary categorization.

Civil Rights- Right to life, liberty, freedom from slavery

Political Rights- Right to vote, take part in government of own country, freedom of speech.

Social Rights- Rights for adequate standard of life includes food, clothing, shelter and social security.

Economic Rights- Rights to employment and fair wage, right to property

Cultural Rights- Right to freedom of religion and to speak the language and to practice

the cultural life of the community.

37. Which rights are inherited from the birth of a man?

a) Civil Rights

b) Cultural Rights

c) Human Rights

d) Social Rights

Explanation

Human Rights belong to everyone, everywhere regardless of nationality, sexuality, gender, race, religion or age. These are the basic rights inherent with birth.

38. Which unit of UN was empowered to promote Human Rights?

a) ECOSOC

b) ICJ

c) LEGAL

d) SEDC

Explanation

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) , a principal organ of the United Nations was empowered to setup a commission for the promotion of Human Rights. National level and State level Human rights commission were established to ensure the protection of Human Rights.

39. When the National Human Rights Commission of India was established?

a) 12th Oct, 1993

b) 12th Oct, 1992

c) 11th Oct, 1991

d) 11th Oct, 1993

Explanation

The Commission for National Human Rights for India was set up at 12th October, 1993. The Head quarter is located in New Delhi.

40. Assertion (A): NHRC is a non-constitutional body.

Reasoning (R): The President of India appoints the Chair person and other members.

a) Both A and R is correct and R is the correct Explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is correct but R is not the correct Explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

The National Human Rights Commission of India was established in 1993. It is an independent Statutory and non-constitutional body. The President of India appoints the chairperson and other members.

41. The Members of Human Rights Commission of India are appointed for the term of

a) 5 years

b) 6 years

c) Till the age of 70

d) Both a and c

Explanation

NHRC is a multi member body which consists of a Chairperson and other members. They are appointed by the President of India for 5 years or till the age of 70 years whichever is earlier.

42. Which of these are not a division of NHRC?

a) Law Division

b) Training Division

c) Recruitment Division

d) Investigation Division

Explanation

The NHRC has five major divisions. Law Division, Investigation Division, Policy Research and Programmes Division, Training Division and Administrative Division.

43. Which is responsible for the protection and promotion of Human Rights in India?

a) The President of India

b) The Constitution of India

c) NHRC

d) United Nations Organization

Explanation

The NHRC of India is an independent statutory, non-constitutional body. It is responsible for the protection and promotion of Human rights in India.

44. Which is responsible for the Human Rights issues in Tamil Nadu?

a) The State Human Rights Commission of Tamil Nadu

b) The State Government of Tamil Nadu

c) The Governor

d) The High Court Justice

Explanation

The State Human Rights Commission of Tamil Nadu was formed on 17th April, 1997. It functions at the state level and not if NHRC already enquiring.

45. Assertion (A): A State Human Rights Commission can inquire violation of Human Rights.

Reasoning(R): The subjects related to violation of Human Rights are covered under State list and Concurrent list.

a) Both A and R is correct and R is the correct Explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is correct but R is not the correct Explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

A state Human Rights Commission consists of three members including Chairpersons. This Commission can inquire into violation of Human rights related to subjects under State and Concurrent list in 7th schedule of Indian Constitution.

46. Choose the correct statements

A. UNO is the only responsible organisation for Human Rights protection across the world.

B. The Other Non-Governmental Organisations monitor the actions of governments according to Human rights principles.

C. The examples of such organisations are Children’s Defence Fund.

a) A only

b) A and C

c) B and C

d) C only

Explanation

Many Organisations around the world have taken responsibility to protect human rights. These non-Governmental organisations monitor the actions of governments and pressure them to act according to Human Rights principles. Amnesty International, Children Defence Fund, Human rights Watch are some of these organisations.

47. Which Article of Indian Constitution provides education and early childhood care for the children?

a) Article 41

b) Article 43

c) Article 45

d) Article 47

Explanation

The Article 45 is a provision for free and compulsory education for children. The State shall provide free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years.

48. The Article 24 of the Indian Constitution prohibits,

a) Child Labour

b) Poverty

c) Unemployment

d) Child Marriage

Explanation

Article 24 of the Indian Constitution prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mine or other hazardous activities. This provides for the rules for prohibition and regulation of child labour in the country.

49. Which Article of UN convention on Rights of the Child declares the age of a child?

a) Article 1

b) Article 34

c) Article 12

d) Article 4

Explanation

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 has 54 articles that cover all aspects of a child’s life and set out the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that all children everywhere are entitled to. In that Article 1 describes ‘a child means every human being below the age of 18 years”.

50. What is the age of a child according to the United Nation Convention, 1989?

a) 12

b) 16

c) 18

d) 17

Explanation

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 the Article 1 says describes ‘a child means every human being below the age of 18 years”.

51. When the Convention on the Rights of the child was proclaimed by UN?

a) 1989

b) 1999

c) 1987

d) 1993

Explanation

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 has 54 articles that cover all aspects of a child’s life and set out the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that all children everywhere are entitled.

52. Assertion (A): Protection of Children from all kinds of exploitation has become the main objective of our society.

Reasoning (R): The Future of a Nation depends on the children.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct Explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct Explanation of A.

c) A is True but R is False.

d) Both A and R are False.

Explanation

The Convention of the Rights of the child was proclaimed by UN on 1989. The child is considered as an important national asset and the future of a nation depends on how children mature. So protection of children from all kinds of exploitation and abuses has become the main objectives of our society.

53. Choose the correct statements regarding the members of Human Rights Commission.

A. The Chairperson must be a Retired Chief Justice of India.

B. Two members who are or has been a judge of High Court are appointed.

C. Deemed members are the Chairpersons for the following National Commission.

D. A Member who is a present Judge of Supreme Court cant is appointed.

a) B, D only

b) A, C, D only

c) A, C only

d) D only

Explanation

The Chairperson for the National Commission is a Retired Chief Justice of India. One member who is or has been a Supreme Court judge and another one member who is or has been a High Court judge are appointed. The Deemed members are the Chairpersons of the following National Commission.

54. Which part of Indian Constitution has Article 39?

a) Directives of State Policy

b) State List

c) Union List

d) Concurrent list

Explanation

Article 39 provides for children to develop in healthy manner. The State directs its policy towards securing that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner.

54. Which year has been declared as the International year of women by UNO?

a) 1976

b) 1978

c) 1979

d) 1777

Explanation

International Women’s year was the name given to 1978 by the United Nations. Since that year March 8 has been celebrated as international Women’s day.

55. Assertion (A): Article 21A is the Right to Education Act.

Reasoning (R): According to this Article the state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children from six to fourteen years.

a) Both A and R is correct and R is the correct  Explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is correct but R is not the correct Explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

The Indian constitution 86th amendment, 2002 inserted Article 21 A in the constitution of India. This provides free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right as the state may by law, determine.

56. Up to which age a Child is prohibited for employments?

a) 14

b) 15

c) 16

d) 18

Explanation

The Child Labour Act, 1986 provides that no children who have not completed 15 years of age can be employed in any concerns.

57. Match

A. 1979 1. POSCO ACT

B. 2000 2. INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF CHILDREN

C. 2012 3. CHILD LABOUR ACT

D. 1986 4. THE JUVENILE JUSTICE ACT

a) 2413

b) 3421

c) 1342

d) 4132

Explanation

The UNO declared 1979 as the International year of children. The Child labour act, 1986 is the prohibition and Regulation Act. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 gives care and protection of Children. Protection of Children from Sexual offences Act POSCO was passed on 2012.

58. Identify the incorrect statement.

A. There are laws in India protecting the Rights of the Children.

B. The Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 tries to protect children deprived of adequate care.

C. The Youngsters are considered as an important National Asset.

a) A only

b) A and B only

c) B and C only

d) All the above

Explanation

The Children are considered as an important Asset of a Nation. The future of a nation depends on how its children mature and develop. For protecting the children from all kinds of exploitation and abuses there are laws in India for the rights of children.

59. What is India’s first 24 hours helpline number for children?

a) 1080

b) 1088

c) 1098

d) 1008

Explanation

1098 Child Line is India’s first 24 hours free emergency phone service for children in need of assistance. Special care is given for vulnerable children affected by Child labour, child marriage and any abuse.

60. Which is described as an International Bill of Rights for women?

a) CEDAW, 1979

b) UDHR, 1948

c) POSCO, 2012

d) UNIFEM, 1995

Explanation

The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), was adopted in 1979 by the UN general Assembly. It is described as an International Bill of Rights for Women.

61. Identify the correct statements regarding Women Rights

A. Women are entitled to the partial enjoyment of all Human Rights.

B. These Rights are fundamental to achieve Human Rights, Peace and Security.

C. The Charter of the United Nations guarantees equal rights to men and women.

a) B only

b) B and C only

c) A only

d) All the above

Explanation

Women and girl’s rights are Human Rights. Women are entitled to enjoy the full and equal human rights and to be free from all forms of discrimination. These rights are fundamental to achieve Human Rights, peace and security and Sustainable development.

62. Where the Fourth World Conference of Women was conducted?

a) Beijing

b) Tokyo

c) Singapore

d) New jersey

Explanation

In 1995 the Fourth World Conference of Women held in Beijing. This developed a platform for actions to recognise women rights and improve their livelihood worldwide.

63. Assertion (A): The United Nations Development Fund for Women worked for the implementation of Beijing platform of actions.

Reasoning (R): Only when women and girls have full access to their rights full equality can exist.

a) Both A and R is correct and R is the correct Explanation of A.

b) Both A and R is correct but R is not the correct Explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is False.

d) Both A and R is False.

Explanation

The Fourth World Conference of Women in Beijing developed a platform for actions to recognize women’s rights. The UNIFEM has worked since 1995 to implement these Beijing actions. When women and girls have their full access to their rights a true equality will exists.

64. In which year Maintenance and welfare of Parents and Senior Citizen Act was passed?

a) 2006

b) 2007

c) 2008

d) 2005

Explanation

As per the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizen Act, 2007 it is legal for children and heirs to provide maintenance to senior citizens and parents.

65. By which act widow remarriage was legalised in India?

a) The Hindu Marriage Act

b) The Hindu Succession Act

c) The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act

d) None of the above

Explanation

The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act of the year 1856 legalised the widow remarriage in India. It was enacted on 26th July 1856 which legalised the remarriage of Hindu widows in India under the East India Company Rule. It was drafted by Lord Dalhousie.

66. As per the Hindu Marriage Act 1955 what is the marriageable age for women?

a) 20

b) 18

c) 21

d) 16

Explanation

The Hindu Marriage Act is an Act of parliament of India enacted in 195. This states that the minimum marriageable age for women is 21 and other three important Hindu Code bills during that time.

67. What are the various Acts which protects the women workers?

a) The Factory Act, 1948

b) The Mines Act, 1952

c) The Maternity benefit Act, 1961

d) The Plantation labour Act, 1951

e) All the above

Explanation

In India Women form an integral part of the Indian work force. There are some important protective provisions for safeguarding the interests of working women is taken.

68. Which Act prohibits the indecent representation of women in magazines and newspapers?

a) The Dowry Prohibition Act

b) The Hindu Succession Act

c) The Eve Teasing Act

d) Indecent Representation Act

Explanation

The Indecent representation of women Act, 1986 is an Act of the Parliament of India which was enacted to prohibit indecent representation of women through advertisements or in publications, writings, and paintings or in any other manner.

69. What was the benefit of the Hindu Succession Act for Women passed in 1956?

a) Gave Relief to women society

b) Protects women from harassment by family members

c) Ensures women to inherit their parental property.

d) Protects the women workers.

Explanation: The Hindu Succession Act of 1956 ensures the right to women to inherit their parental property. The Act lays down a uniform and comprehensive system of inheritance and succession into one Act.