Health and Diseases Online Test 10th Science Lesson 21 Questions in English

Abuse refers to cruel, violent, harmful or injurious treatment of another human being. It includes physical, emotional or psychological, verbal, child and sexual abuses. Abuse can occur within the family and with people who are not associated with the family. These days the use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco has been increasing especially among teenagers and adolescents for adventure, excitement, curiosity and experimentation.

The role of behaviour in health has been receiving increased attention in countries around the world. The health habits of the individuals and their behaviour influence the development of chronic and fatal diseases such as diabetes, obesity, heart disease, cancer and AIDS. These conditions can be substantially reduced by adopting lifestyles that promote wellness and protect their health by taking nutritious diet, regular exercise and by avoiding drugs, alcohol and smoking.

The Ministry of Women and Child Development championed the introduction of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012. People who traffic children for sexual purposes are also punishable under the provisions relating to the Act.

The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) was set up in March 2007 under the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005. This act emphasizes the principle of universality and inviolability of child rights and recognizes the tone of urgency in all the child related policies of the country.

Family support: The victimized child should be supported by the family members. They should be provided with proper care and attention to overcome their sufferings.

Protection of all children of all age group up to 18 years of age is of equal importance. Policies define priority actions for the most vulnerable children.

The physical and mental dependency on alcohol, smoking and drugs is called addiction. The addictive potential of these substances pulls an individual into a vicious cycle leading to regular abuse and dependency. This is of serious concern because abuse of tobacco, alcohol or drugs produce many harmful effects in an individual, to the family and even to the society.

A drug that modifies the physical, biological, psychological or social behaviour of a person by stimulating, depressing or disturbing the functions of the body and the mind is called addictive drug. These drugs interact with the central nervous system and affect the individual physically and mentally.

There are certain drugs called psychotropic drugs which acts on the brain and alter the behaviour, consciousness, power of thinking and perception. They are referred as mood-altering drugs.

International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking - June 26.

Change in food and sleeping habits and fluctuation in body weight and appetite. Always looking out for an easy way to get money for obtaining drugs.

Adverse effects of drug use among adolescents Prone to infections like AIDS and Hepatitis-B.

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act was introduced in 1985.

Management of de-addiction is a complicated and difficult task. The path to recovery of drug addicts is long and often slow. The first phase of treatment is detoxification. The drug is stopped gradually and the addict is helped to overcome the withdrawal symptoms. The addict undergoes severe physical and emotional disturbance. This is taken care by specific medication.

Psychotherapy: Individual and group counselling is given by psychologists and counsellors. The treatment includes efforts to reduce the addict’s stress, taught new ways to solve everyday’s problems, adequate diet, rest and relaxation.

World Health Organization (WHO) 1984 suggested the use of the term drug dependence in place of drug addiction or drug abuse.

Tobacco is obtained from the tobacco plant Nicotiana tobaccum and Nicotiana rustica. The dried and cured leaves of its young branches make the commercial tobacco used worldwide. Addiction to tobacco is due to ‘nicotine’ an alkaloid present in it. Nicotine is a stimulant, highly harmful and poisonous substance.

Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes, bidis, pipes, hukka is called smoking. Tobacco in powder form is chewed with pan. When powdered tobacco is taken through nose, it is called snuffing.

Benzopyrene and polycyclic hydrocarbons present in tobacco smoke is carcinogenic causing lung cancer.

World Health organization (WHO) 1984 suggested the use of the term drug. WHO issued a directive under which all cigarette advertisements and packs carry a statutory warning “Smoking is injurious to Health”.

Carbon monoxide of tobacco smoke binds to haemoglobin of RBC and decreases its oxygen carrying capacity causing hypoxia in body tissues.

Anti-Tobacco Act was passed on May 1st 2004. By 2030 tobacco is expected to be single biggest cause of death worldwide accounting for 10 million deaths per year.

The consumption of alcohol is a social evil practiced by the wealthier and poorer sections of the society. The dependence of alcohol is called alcoholism and the addict is termed as alcoholic. It is called alcohol abuse.

Dilation of blood vessels which may affect functioning of the heart and Liver damage resulting in fatty liver which leads to cirrhosis and formation of fibrous tissues.

Physical activity: Individuals undergoing rehabilitation should be channelized into healthy activities like reading, music, sports, yoga and meditation.

Alcoholics should seek help from psychologists and psychiatrists to get relieved from this condition and to lead a relaxed and peaceful life. Alcohol de-addiction and rehabilitation programmes are helpful to the individual so that they could get rid of the problem completely and can lead a normal and healthy life.

Diseases are prevalent in our society due to our improper way of living, conditions of stress and strain. These diseases are non-communicable (Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Cancer, etc.,) and affect the person who are suffering from particular symptoms. It is an impairment of the body tissue or organ, disturbances in metabolic function which require modification of an individual's normal life.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder. In Greek (Diabetes – running through; mellitus- sweet). It is characterised by increased blood glucose level due to insufficient, deficient or failure of insulin secretion.

Diabetes Mellitus is the most common pancreatic endocrine disorder.

There are two types of diabetes mellitus. They are Type-1 Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) and Type-2 Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM).

IDDM accounts for 10 to 20% of the known diabetics. The condition also occurs in children (juvenile onset diabetes) and young adults, the onset is usually sudden and can be life threatening. This is caused by the destruction of β-cells of the pancreas.

One in every 8 individuals in India is a diabetic. The revised WHO estimates for the year 2025 is 57.2 million diabetics in India. The average age for the onset of diabetes is 40 years, while it is 55 years in other countries. World Health Organization projects that diabetes will be 7th leading cause of death by the year 2030.

Increased blood glucose level is known as Hyperglycemia.

Loss of water leads to thirst (Polydipsia) resulting in increased fluid intake.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with several metabolic alterations. The most important symptoms are Hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, glycosuria, polyphagia, Fatigue and loss of weight.

Polyphagia – Excess hunger due to loss of glucose in urine.

According to WHO recommendation, if the fasting blood glucose is greater than 140 mg/dl or the random blood glucose is greater than 200 mg /dl on more than two occasions, diagnosis for confirming diabetes is essential.

jowar, bajra, ragi are millets. Wheat is not a millet

Carbohydrates is maintained to about 50- 55% of the total calories. High protein content of 10-15% of the total intake is required to supply essential amino acids. Fat content in the diet should be 15-25% of the total calories. Saturated fat intake should be reduced. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content should be higher.

Obesity is the state in which there is an accumulation of excess body fat with an abnormal increase in body weight. Obesity is a complex multifactorial chronic disease developing from influence of social, behavioural, psychological, metabolic and cellular factors.

Obesity occurs if intake of calories is more than the expenditure of energy. Over weight and obesity are conditions where the body weight is greater than the mean standard weight for age and height of an individual. Body mass index (BMI) is an estimate of body fat and health risk. BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (m)2.

Every 7 calories of excess consumption lead to 1 gm fat deposit and increase in body weight. Weight due to fat in adipose tissue exceeds more than 20% to 25 % of body weight. An adult weighing 10% more than the standard weight is OVERWEIGHT and 20% more is OBESE.

Obesity is due to genetic factors, physical inactivity, eating habits (overeating) and endocrine factors. Obesity is a positive risk factor in development of hypertension, diabetes, gall bladder disease, coronary heart disease and arthritis.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Desirable level for blood cholesterol should be less than 200 mg/dl for Indians. The risk of coronary heart disease increases slowly as blood cholesterol levels increases from 200 to 300 mg/dl.

It leads to the narrowing of blood vessels leading to atherosclerosis in the large and medium sized arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen. It leads to sudden ischemia (deficient blood supply to heart muscle) and myocardial infarction (death of the heart muscle tissue).

Hypercholesterolemia (High blood cholesterol) and high blood pressure (Hypertension) are the major causes and contributing factors for heart disease and if untreated may cause severe damage to brain, kidney and eventually lead to stroke.

Heredity (family history), diet rich in saturated fat and cholesterol, obesity, increasing age, cigarette smoking, emotional stress, sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol consumption and physical inactivity are some of the causes.

Shortness of breath, headache, tiredness, dizziness, chest pain, swelling of leg, and gastrointestinal disturbances are symptoms of heart disease.

HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) or "good" cholesterol lowers risk of heart disease while LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) or "bad" cholesterol increases risk of heart disease.

Cancer causes about 4 million deaths annually throughout the world. In India more than one million people suffer from cancer. Cancer is derived from Latin word meaning crab. The study of cancer is called Oncology (Oncos- Tumor).

Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells that invade and destroy surrounding tissue forming a tumor or neoplasm (new growth). It is a heterogenous group of cells that do not respond to the normal cell division.

The cancerous cells migrate to distant parts of the body and affect new tissues. This process is called metastasis. The frequent sites of metastasis are lungs, bones, liver, skin and brain.

Carcinomas arise from epithelial and glandular tissues. They include cancers of skin, lung, stomach and brain. About 85% of the tumours are carcinomas.

Sarcomas occur in the connective and muscular tissue. They include the cancer of bones, cartilage, tendons, adipose tissue and muscles. These form 1% of all tumours.

Leukaemia is characterized by an increase in the formation of white blood cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Leukaemia is called blood cancers. Most common type of cancer which also affect children below 15 years of age.

Benign tumours or Non-malignant tumours: Remain confined in the organ affected and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumours: Mass of proliferating cells which grow very rapidly invading and damaging the surrounding normal tissues.

Cancer causing agents are called carcinogens. They are physical, chemical agents, ionizing radiations and biological agents.

Chemical agents: Nicotine, caffeine, products of combustion of coal and oil, pesticides, asbestos, nickel, certain dyes and artificial sweeteners induce cancer. Radiations: Ionizing radiations like X-rays, gamma- rays, radioactive substances and non-ionising radiations like UV rays cause DNA damage leading to cancer.

Biological agents: Cancer causing viruses are called oncogenic viruses.Cancer control programmes should focus on primary prevention and early detection. To prevent lung cancer tobacco smoking is to be avoided and protective measures to be taken against exposure to toxic pollutants of industries. Excessive exposure to radiation is to be avoided to prevent skin cancer.

Physical Irritant: Heavy smoking causes lung cancer and cancers of oral cavity, pharynx (throat) and larynx. Betel and tobacco chewing causes oral cancer. Excessive exposure to sunlight may cause skin cancer.

Chemotherapy: It involves administration of anti-cancerous drugs which prevent cell division and are used to kill cancer cells. Surgery: Tumours are removed by surgery to prevent further spread of cancer cells.

AIDS is a severe viral disease and caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is a condition in which immune system fails and suppress the body’s disease fighting mechanism. They attack the lymphocytes and the affected individual is prone to infectious diseases.

Dr. Suniti Solomon, pioneered HIV research and treatment in India. She set up the first voluntary testing and counselling centre and an AIDS Research group in Chennai during 80's. Her team was the first to document evidence of HIV infection in India in 1985 (First Indian AIDS patient in Chennai).

AIDS virus has been found in urine, tears, saliva, breast milk and vaginal secretions. The virus is transmitted by an infected patient who comes in contact with blood of a healthy person. HIV/AIDS is not transmitted by touch or any physical contact.

From infected mother to her child through placenta.

4th February is world cancer day.

Infected individuals become immunodeficient. The person becomes more susceptible to viral, bacterial, protozoan and fungal infections. Swelling of lymph nodes, damage to brain, loss of memory, lack of appetite and weight loss, fever, chronic diarrhoea, cough, lethargy, pharyngitis, nausea and headache.

The presence of HIV virus can be confirmed by Western Blot analysis or Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

Anti-retroviral drugs and immune stimulative therapy can prolong the life of the infected person.

National Cancer Awareness Day -7th November.

Persons with HIV/AIDS should not be isolated from the family and society. Creating awareness campaign and educating people on the consequences of AIDS.

Every year December 1st is observed as the “World AIDS Day”.

Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) is also called as Adult-onset diabetes.

Many people are ignorant about AIDS and it has been said that – “don’t” die of ignorance”. In our country NACO (National AIDS Control Organization) and other NGO’S (Non- Governmental Organizations) are educating people about AIDS.