Biosphere 11th Geography Lesson 5 Questions in English
11th Geography Lesson 5 Questions in English
5] Biosphere
1. The earth was formed _____ years ago?
A) 3.6 million
B) 4.2 billion
C) 4. 6 billion
D) 4.6 million
Explanation
The earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago. Geographers are concerned about the earth and its various spheres. These spheres did not exist on the primitive earth as they are today. They evolved over a long period of time after the earth was formed.
2. First life forms on earth came into existence about ____ years ago?
A) 7.5 billion
B) 4.5 billion
C) 3.5 billion
D) 2.5 billion
Explanation
Scientists believe that the first life forms on earth came into existence about 3.5 billion years ago. Which marked, ‘The birth of the biosphere’
3. Which of the following is result of damage of ecological balance of the earth?
a) Global warming
b) Desertification
c) Increase in disease
d) Recurrence of severe natural disasters.
A) a, b, c
B) b, c, d
C) a, c, d
D) a, b, c, d
Explanation
In the last 100 years, man has had used, overused and misused the natural resources of the earth. This has disturbed the ecological balance of the earth. The realization about the damage caused to earth by our action came when we began to experience global warming, desertification, increase in disease and distress and recurrence of severe natural disasters.
4. Who published the book Silent Spring?
A) Rachel Carson
B) Charles Darwin
C) Eduard Suess
D) William hubble
Explanation
It was in 1962 that Rachel Carson published the book ‘Silent Spring’ which inspired an environmental movement thatled International agencies to focus their attention on protecting and sustaining the biosphere.
5. Find out the correct statement
1. In 1975, UNESCO launched the Man and the Biosphere Programme
2. It was launched to study our impact on nature and how it could be minimized.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
In 1971, UNESCO launched the Man and the Biosphere Program to study our impact on nature and how it could be minimized. Even after several decades the program still continues to shape the future of sustainability of the earth
6. Find out the incorrect statement
1. The word Biosphere originates from the Latin words
2. They are bios = bio and sphaira = sphere
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
The word Biosphere originates from the Greek words bios = life and sphaira = sphere.
7. Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): Earth is the only planet in the solar system that supports life.
Reason (R): Being the earth’s distance from the sun, the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere and the presence of water
Codes:
A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C) (A) is true but (R) is false
D) (A) is false but (R) is true
Explanation
Earth is the only planet in the solar system that supports life. There are many reasons that contribute to this and the most important being the earth’s distance from the sun, the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere and the presence of water
8. Life sphere is also known as?
A) Hydrosphere
B) Lithosphere
C) Atmosphere
D) Biosphere
Explanation
Existence and interaction of the three spheres of the earth (the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere) gives rise to the fourth sphere which is the life sphere or biosphere.
9. Find out the correct statement
1. The term Biosphere was coined Charles Darwin in 1875.
2. Later contributions to the study of biosphere were from, Eduard Suess and many other scientists.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
The term Biosphere was coined by Eduard Suessin 1875. Later contributions to the study of biosphere were from, Charles Darwin and many other scientists.
10. Which of the following are biotic components?
1. Organisms
2. Population
3. Community
4. Ecosystem
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 3, 4 only
C) 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
Thus, in the biosphere, life exists on land, water and air and life forms range from microorganisms to plants, animals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals including human beings. The biosphere is formed of biotic components. It consists of organisms, population, community and ecosystem.
11. Match the following
a) Biosphere – 1. Water on the surface of the earth
b) Hydrosphere – 2. Living matter on earth
c) Lithosphere – 3. Fragile layer of gases
d) Atmosphere – 4. The earth’s crust
A) 1, 4, 2, 3
B) 2, 1, 4, 3
C) 1, 2, 3, 4
D) 4, 3, 2, 1
Explanation
Biosphere: Living matter on earth including all plant and animal lifeforms. Hydrosphere: The water on the surface of the earth in oceans, rivers, lakes, rain and mist. Atmosphere: The thin, fragile layer of gases that surrounds the earth. Lithosphere: the earth’s crust including landforms, rocks and soils.
12. Find out the incorrect statement
1. Population includes animals, plants and microorganisms.
2. Organism is a group of similar plants or animals living in an area
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Organism – includes animals, plants and microorganisms. Population – is a group of similar plants or animals living in an area.
13. Which of the following is correct explanation of ecosystem?
1. All living and non-living things and their interaction within an area.
2. It is a group of similar plants or animals living in an area.
3. A biotic community and its physical environment in which matter and energy flow and cycle
4. It refers to all the plants and animals living in an area.
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 4
C) 3, 4
D) 1, 3
Explanation
Life cannot exist in isolation. It flourishes in an environment which supplies and fulfills its material and energy requirements. A biotic community and its physical environment in which matter and energy flow and cycle is called as ecosystem.
14. The term ecosystem was first proposed by
A) Rachel Carson
B) Charles Darwin
C) Eduard Suess
D) A. G. Tansley
Explanation
The term ecosystem was first proposed by Arthur George Tansley in 1935. Tansley defined ecosystem as, ‘the system resulting from the integration of all living and non-living factors of the environment’. The ecosystems can vary in size. It can be very small, extending to about a few square centimeters or it can extend over many square kilometers. Example; tropical forests.
15. The ecosystem is made up of ____ main components?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 2
D) 5
Explanation
The ecosystem is made up of two main components: A. Abiotic Component and B. Biotic Component
16. Which of the following are abiotic component?
1. Air
2. Soil
3. Water
4. Climate
5. Minerals
6. Light
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
C) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Explanation
This component of the ecosystem includes the non-living substance of the environment. Example; light air, soil, water, climate, minerals, etc. Sun is the main source of energy for the earth.
17. Which of the following are biotic components
1. Producers
2. Consumers
3. Decomposers
4. Humans
A) 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 3
D) 1, 2, 3,4
Explanation
Biotic Component includes a variety of living organisms such as microorganisms, plants and animals. The biotic component of an ecosystem can be further divided into producers, consumers and decomposers based on their capacity to sustain themselves.
18. Find out the correct statement
1. Organisms that can produce or manufacture their own food are known as producers.
2. Plants that have green pigments or chlorophyll, produce their own food through a process called ‘photosynthesis’.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Organisms that can produce or manufacture their own food are known as producers. Plants that have green pigments or chlorophyll, produce their own food in the presence of CO2 in the atmosphere, water from the soil and sunlight through a process called ‘photosynthesis’.
19. Which of the following is called as autotrophs?
A) Animals
B) Microorganism
C) Plants
D) Humans
Explanation
The green plants are called as ‘autotrophs’ (auto – self; trophs – nourishing) as they manufacture their own food.
20. Consider the following statements, find out the correct answer
1. These are the organisms that cannot manufacture their own food
2. They are called as ‘heterotrophs’ (hetero – others; trophs – nourshing)
A) Producers
B) Consumers
C) Decomposers
D) None of the above
Explanation
Consumers are organisms that cannot manufacture their own food and get their food and nutrients from producers directly or from other organisms. They are called as ‘heterotrophs’ (hetero – others; trophs – nourshing).
21. Find out the correct statement
1. Consumers are divided into two groups
2. Those are primary and secondary consumers
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Consumers can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary consumers.
22. Which of the following is called as herbivores?
A) Primary consumers
B) Secondary consumers
C) Tertiary consumers
D) Omnivores
Explanation
Organisms that feed on producers (green plants) are called primary consumers. They are also called as ‘herbivores’ or plant eating organisms.
23. Which of the following are examples of herbivores?
1. Grasshopper
2. Sheep
3. Goats
4. Krill
5. Squid
A) 3, 4 only
B) 1, 2, 3 only
C) 2, 3, 4, 5
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Explanation
Examples of terrestrial herbivore are grasshopper, sheep, goats, cow, rabbit, deer, elephant etc. Examples of aquatic herbivores are zoo plankton, krill, squid, small fish, sea urchin, etc.
24. Consider the following statements, find out the correct answer
1. Animals that kill and eat the herbivores
2. Plant eating animals.
3. They are also called as ‘carnivores’.
A) Primary consumers
B) Secondary consumers
C) Tertiary consumers
D) Omnivores
Explanation
Animals that kill and eat the herbivores or plant eating animals are called secondary consumers. They are also called as ‘carnivores’, Example; lion, tiger, foxes, frogs, snakes, spider, crocodiles.
25. Which are top predators in a food chain?
A) Primary consumers
B) Secondary consumers
C) Tertiary consumers
D) Omnivores
Explanation
They are top predators in a food chain. They are carnivores at the topmost level in a food chain that feed on other carnivores or secondary consumers. Example: an owl eats a snake but an owl is eaten by a hawk, therefore a hawk is a tertiary consumer.
26. Tertiary consumers that occupy the top trophic level, and are not predated by any other animals are called?
A) Apex scavengers
B) Apex consumers
C) Apex predators
D) Apex omnivores
Explanation
Tertiary consumers that occupy the top trophic level, and are not predated by any other animals are called ‘apex predators’. However, when they die their bodies will be consumed by scavengers besides the decomposers Example.
27. Cockroach, foxes, seagull and human are examples of?
A) Predators
B) Omnivores
C) Scavengers
D) None of the above
Explanation
Some organisms eat both plants and animals. These animals are called as ‘omnivores. Example; cockroach, foxes, seagull and human.
28. Which of the following is example of scavenger?
A) Hawk
B) Lion
C) Tiger
D) Fox
Explanation
When tertiary consumers die their bodies will be consumed by scavengers besides the decomposers Example; alligator andhawk.
29. Find out the correct statement
1. Plants and animals that live on or inside other plants or animals are called as Parasites
2. All omnivores are ‘scavengers’.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Some omnivores are ‘scavengers’, which eat food that other animals have left behind Example; hyena and vultures.
30. Tapeworms, round worms are example of?
A) Scavengers
B) Parasites
C) Omnivores
D) Predators
Explanation
Plants and animals that live on or inside other plants or animals are called as Parasites. Example; mistletoe lives on other plants. Other examples are tapeworms, round worms, lice, ticks, flea etc.
31. Find out the correct statement
1. The earthworm is called as the friend of the farmer.
2. ‘Detritivores’ are consumers that feed on detritus.
3. Detritus includes fallen leaves, parts of dead trees and faecal wastes of animals.
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 3, 1
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
‘Detritivores’ are consumers that feed on detritus. Detritus includes fallen leaves, parts of dead trees and faecal wastes of animals. Ants, termites, earthworms, millipedes, dung beetle, fiddler crabs and sea cucumbers are detritivores.
32. Find out the correct explanation of decomposer
1. Decomposers are organisms that help decompose dead organisms
2. Decomposers are organisms that help decompose decaying organisms
3. Decomposers are organisms that help decompose living organisms
4. Decomposers are organisms that help decompose organisms
A) 2, 3
B) 3, 4
C) 1, 2
D) 1, 2, 4
Explanation
Decomposers are organisms that help decompose dead or decaying organisms. Decomposers are also heterotrophs.
33. By breaking down materials which return nutrients to the soil?
A) Scavengers
B) Omnivores
C) Decomposers
D) producers
Explanation
Decomposers are nature’s built-in recycling system. By breaking down materials – decomposers return nutrients to the soil. They, in turn, create another food source for producers within the ecosystem
34. Which of the following is not a decomposer?
A) Yeast
B) Fungus
C) Virus
D) Bacteria
Explanation
Decomposers are organisms that help decompose dead or decaying organisms. Mushrooms, yeast, mould, fungi and bacteria are common decomposers.
35. Find out the correct statement
1. Without producers, the consumers and decomposers would not survive because they would have no food to eat.
2. Without consumers, the populations of producers and decomposers would grow out of control.
3. Without decomposers, dead producers and consumers would accumulate as wastes and pollute the environment.
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 3, 1
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
Every living creature in an ecosystem has a role to play. Without producers, the consumers and decomposers would not survive because they would have no food to eat. Without consumers, the populations of producers and decomposers would grow out of control. And without decomposers, dead producers and consumers would accumulate as wastes and pollute the environment. All organisms of an ecosystem depend on one another for their survival. Each organism living in an ecosystem plays an important role in the flow of energy within the system.
36. Which of the following is transferred through food chain?
A) Heat
B) Food
C) Energy
D) Minerals
Explanation
Organisms need energy for respiration, growth, locomotion, and reproduction. This movement of energy is usually understood through food chains or food webs.
37. Flow of food in an ecosystem is called as?
A) Food web
B) Energy web
C) Food chain
D) None of the above
Explanation
Movement of energy is usually understood through food chains or food webs. While a food chain shows one path along which energy can move through an ecosystem
38. Find out the incorrect statement
A) Flow or feeding structure in an ecosystem is called ‘trophic structure’.
B) Each level in this structure is called a trophic level.
C) A food chain starts the movement of food from one trophic level to the next
D) A and B
Explanation
A food chain starts the movement of energy from one trophic level to the next.
39. Find out the incorrect statement
1. A Food Web is a complex network of interconnected food chains.
2. Food chains show an indirect transfer of energy between organisms.
3. A chain might involve a mouse eating some seeds on the forest floor, a snake eating the mouse and later an eagle eating the snake.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
40. Find out the correct statement
1. A food web shows one path along which energy can move through an ecosystem
2. Food chain show all the overlapping ways that organisms live with and depend upon one another
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
A food chain shows one path along which energy can move through an ecosystem, food webs show all the overlapping ways that organisms live with and depend upon one another.
41. Find out the correct flow
A) Plant → rabbit → snake → hawk
B) Rabbit → plant → snake → hawk
C) Plant → rabbit → hawk → snake
D) Plant → snake → rabbit → hawk
Explanation
Plant (primary producer) is eaten by a rabbit (herbivores, primary consumer), rabbit is eaten by a snake (carnivores, consumer or primary carnivore) and the snake is eaten by a hawk (tertiary consumer).
42. Find out the correct flow
A) Grains → eagle → mouse → snake
B) Mouse → grains → eagle → snake
C) Grains → mouse → snake → eagle
D) Grains → snake → mouse → eagle
Explanation
In a food web, the mouse might eat seeds, but it also might eat some grains, or maybe even some grass. The mouse might be eaten by a snake, or the eagle, or even a fox. The snake could be eaten by the eagle, but also might be eaten by a fox in the forest.
43. Find out the correct statement
1. Each organism can eat multiple organisms and be eaten by multiple organisms
2. A food web is a much more realistic scheme of the transfer of food within an ecosystem.
3. Food webs are found in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
4. Food chains are found in aquatic ecosystems only
A) 1, 2,3
B) 1, 3
C) 1, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
Each organism can eat multiple organisms and be eaten by multiple organisms, a food web is a much more realistic scheme of the transfer of energy within an ecosystem. Food chains and food webs are found in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
44. Find out the incorrect statement
1. Organisms in a food chain or food web are linked and dependent on one another for survival.
2. If organisms in one trophic level become threatened, it does not impacts the organisms in other trophic levels
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Organisms in a food chain or food web are linked and dependent on one another for survival. If organisms in one trophic level become threatened, it impacts the organisms in other trophic levels. Primary consumers get less food due to loss or destruction of habitat.
45. Find out the correct statement
1. If primary consumers get less food this in turn means less primary consumers for only secondary consumers to feed on.
2. If primary consumers get less food this in turn means less primary consumers for only tertiary consumers to feed on.
3. The plant and animal species in such an environment could become endangered or even extinct.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) None of the above
Explanation
If organisms in one trophic level become threatened, it impacts the organisms in other trophic levels. Primary consumers get less food due to loss or destruction of habitat. This in turn means less primary consumers for secondary and tertiary consumers to feed on. The plant and animal species in such an environment could become endangered or even extinct. For this reason, it is vital that an ecosystem remains balanced containing an appropriate proportion of producers and consumers.
46. Find out the correct statement
A) Energy in an ecosystem flows from producers to consumers.
B) The available energy in a food chain increases with each step or trophic levels up in the food chain.
C) As such, there is high energy available to support organisms at the top of the food chain
D) B and C
Explanation
Energy in an ecosystem flows from producers to consumers. The available energy in a food chain decreases with each step or trophic levels up in the food chain. As such, there is less energy available to support organisms at the top of the food chain. That is why the tertiary and quaternary consumers are far less in number in an ecosystem than organisms at lower trophic levels.
47. Only about ______% of the energy available at one trophic level gets transferred to the next level of the energy pyramid.
A) 50 %
B) 40 %
C) 10 %
D) 20 %
Explanation
Energy pyramids are another tool that ecologists use to understand the role of organisms within an ecosystem. As you can see, most of the energy in an ecosystem is available at the producer level. As you move up on the pyramid, the amount of available energy decreases significantly. It is estimated that only about 10% of the energy available at one trophic level gets transferred to the next level of the energy pyramid.
48. Find out the correct statement
1. The energy pyramid shows how ecosystems naturally limit the number of each type of organism it can sustain.
2. The remaining 90 percent of energy is either utilized by the organisms within that level for respiration and other metabolic activities
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
The remaining 90 percent of energy is either utilized by the organisms within that level for respiration and other metabolic activities or lost to the environment as heat. The energy pyramid shows how ecosystems naturally limit the number of each type of organism it can sustain
49. Find out the incorrect statement
1. Nutrients move through the ecosystem in cycles is called ‘biogeochemical cycles’.
2. A biogeochemical cycle is a circuit or pathway by which a chemical element moves only through the biotic components of an ecosystem.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Nutrients move through the ecosystem in cycles is called ‘biogeochemical cycles’. A biogeochemical cycle is a circuit or pathway by which a chemical element moves through the biotic and the abiotic components of an ecosystem.
50. All life processes are associated with which of the following cycles?
1. Carbon
2. Oxygen
3. Nitrogen
4. Hydrogen
A) 1, 3, 4
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 3
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
All life processes are associated with the atmosphere by important cycles such as the Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen cycles etc. Through these cycles energy and materials are transferred, stored and released into various ecosystems.
51. All living organisms are built of ______ compounds?
A) Hydrogen
B) Oxygen
C) Carbon
D) Nitrogen
Explanation
Carbon is exchanged, or cycled among all the spheres of the earth. All living organisms are built of carbon compounds. It is an important component of many chemical processes
52. Find out the correct statement
1. Carbon is the fundamental building block of life.
2. Living things need carbon to live, grow and reproduce.
3. Carbon is a finite resource that cycles through the earth in many forms
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 3, 1
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
Carbon is an essential element in all organic compounds and since there is only a limited amount available it must be recycled continuously. This takes place in the biosphere.
53. Find out the incorrect statement
1. Atmospheric carbon is fixed in green plants through pyrolysis.
2. This carbon is passed on to other living organisms through the food.
3. The carbon food compound is utilized and later released to the atmosphere through the process of evapotranspiration.
4. By-products of respiration are carbon dioxide and nitrogen which are returned to the air.
A) 1, 2
B) 3, 4
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
Atmospheric carbon is fixed in green plants through photosynthesis. This carbon is passed on to other living organisms through the food chain. The carbon food compound is utilized and later released to the atmosphere through the process of respiration. By-products of respiration are carbon dioxide and water which are returned to the air.
54. A carbon cycle is completed by
A) Bacteria
B) Virus
C) Air molecules
D) None of the above
Explanation
A carbon cycle is completed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi which break down dead plants and animal tissues there by releasing some carbon to the air, water and soil.
55. Organic material formed from decayed plants animals converted into?
1. Fossil fuel
2. Coal
3. Petroleum
4. Natural gas
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
All producers and consumers are not decomposed. The organic matter of some of them is preserved in fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum for millions of years.
56. Which of the following are carbon reservoirs?
1. Atmosphere
2. Oceans
3. Vegetation
4. Rocks
5. Soil
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 3, 5
C) 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Explanation
In a carbon cycle, carbon moves between reservoirs. Carbon reservoirs include the atmosphere, the oceans, vegetation, rocks, and soil
57. How carbon is added to the atmosphere?
1. By destroying forest
2. Burning fossil fuels
3. Burning oils and coals
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
Today, the carbon cycle is changing. Human activities have added more carbon into the atmosphere. More carbon is moving to the atmosphere when fossil fuels, like coal and oil, are burned. More carbon is moving to the atmosphere as humans destroy the forest
58. Global warming and climate changes are caused by
A) More hydrogen in atmosphere
B) More carbon in atmosphere
C) More oxygen in atmosphere
D) More nitrogen in atmosphere
Explanation
Increase in carbon in the atmosphere causes the earth to warm up more than the normal level, leading to climate change and many problems connected with it.
59. Find out the correct statement
A) A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores carbon for an indefinite period.
B) The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is known as carbon separation.
C) The main natural carbon sinks are plants, the ocean and soil.
D) A and C
Explanation
A carbon sinkis a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores carbon for an indefinite period. The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration
60. Ecosystem divided into how many types?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 2
D) 5
Explanation
An ecosystem as already explained consists of a biological community and an abiotic environment. Ecosystem may be broadly divided into terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem
61. Which of the followings are divisions of aquatic ecosystem?
1. Marine ecosystem
2. Saltwater ecosystem
3. Freshwater ecosystem
4. Ocean ecosystem
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3
C) 1, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
Ecosystem may be broadly divided into land or terrestrial ecosystem and water or aquatic ecosystem. The aquatic ecosystem can be further divided into freshwater and marine ecosystem
62. Who said the most extensive ecosystem unit which is convenient to designate is called a ‘Biome’?
A) I.G. Simmons
B) Charles Darwin
C) Eduard Suess
D) William hubble
Explanation
An ecosystem becomes a biome when it extends over a large area. According to I.G. Simmons (1982) the most extensive ecosystem unit which is convenient to designate is called a ‘Biome’. It may be concluded that a biome is in fact a large ecosystem where we study the total assemblage of plant and animal communities.
63. The world is divided into a number of biomes based on?
A) Ecosystem
B) Climatic types
C) Community
D) Latitude
Explanation
Since vegetation is the most dominant component of a biome and as vegetation and climate are very intimately related, the world is divided into a number of biomes based on major world climatic types
64. Transition zones between aquatic and terrestrial biomes are?
A) Water lands
B) Wetlands
C) Waste land
D) None of the above
Explanation
World Biomes are mega ecosystems existing and operating over large areas. These divisions are based on climate pattern, soil types, and the animals and plants that inhabit an area. Basically, biomes are classified into two major groups such as Aquatic biomes and Terrestrial biomes.
65. Which of the following is needed to understand the earth biomes?
1. The characteristics of regional climates.
2. Aspects of the physical environment.
3. The type of soil and the processes contributing to soil development
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
To understand the earth biomes, it is necessary to understand the following – The distribution of flora in the area. The distribution of fauna in the area and their adaptation to the environment.
66. Fresh water biome includes which of the following?
1. Ponds
2. Lakes
3. Streams
4. Wetlands
A) 1, 3, 4
B) 1, 2, 4
C) 1, 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
Fresh water biomes include areas of ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and wetlands. Lakes and ponds are stagnant water bodies and are smaller in their area. Many types of species live in the water, it is one of the most important natural resources that need to be protected.
67. Consider the following statements, find out the correct statement
1. These biomes are spread over all parts of the earth
2. These biomes have different set of species depending on their location and climate.
A) Terrestrial biome
B) Land biome
C) Marine biome
D) Freshwater biome
Explanation
These biomes are spread over all parts of the earth and have different set of species depending on their location and climate. Fresh water biomes include areas of ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and wetlands. Lakes and ponds are stagnant water bodies and are smaller in their area. The diversity of life forms in river changes with increasing water volume. For example, Dolphins are found in the river Ganges, Brahmaputra and the Indus which carry huge volumes of water.
68. Find out the correct statement
1. Marine plants are sources of nutrients for the corals and help corals to build up reefs.
2. The reefs are kept intact by plants like coralline algae.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Marine biome is an aquatic biome which is salt water biome occupying seas and oceans of the world. Marine biome plants have various roles, plants such as sea grasses and macro algae give shelter and nutrient for many animals.
69. Corals are marine _________ which live in compact colonies?
A) Plants
B) Animals
C) Reptiles
D) Invertebrates
Explanation
Marine plants are sources of nutrients for the corals and help corals to build up reefs. The reefs are kept intact by plants like coralline algae. Corals are marine invertebrates which live in compact colonies. They inhabit tropical oceans and seas.
70. Find out the correct statement
1. Corals cannot survive in waters below 30°C
2. But corals grow optimally in temperatures between 33°–39° Celsius.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Corals cannot survive in waters below 20°C but grow optimally in temperatures between 23°–29° Celsius.
71. Coral reefs are made of
A) Calcium chloride
B) Calcium carbonate
C) Calcium oxalate
D) Calcium bromide
Explanation
Coral reefs are marine ecosystems which are held together by structures made of calcium carbonate secreted by the corals
72. Find out the correct statement
A) Sea grasses are plants that live in freshwater.
B) There are over 500 species of sea grasses.
C) Sea grasses have flowers, roots
D) A and B
Explanation
Sea grasses are plants that live in saltwater. There are over 50 species of sea grasses. Sea grasses have flowers, roots, and specialized cells to transport nutrients within a plant. This makes them similar to land plants and different from algae or seaweeds
73. Which of the following are types of coral reef?
1. Fringing reef
2. Frontier reef
3. Barrier reef
4. Atoll reef
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
Coral reefs are mainly classified into three types – Fringing reef, Barrier reef and Atoll
74. Consider the following statements, find out the correct answer
1. These reefs also border the shoreline
2. These reefs are separated from the coast by an expanse of water.
A) Fringing reef
B) Frontier reef
C) Barrier reef
D) Atoll reef
Explanation
Barrier reefs also border the shoreline but are separated from the coast by an expanse of water or lagoon.
75. Find out the incorrect statement
1. Atolls grow seaward from the shore along the coast forming a fringe
2. Fringing reefs are circular in shape enclosing a lagoon with absence of an island in the center.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Atolls are coral reefs that are circular in shape enclosing a lagoon with absence of an island in the center. Fringing reefs grow seaward from the shore along the coast forming a fringe, they are the common type of reefs.
76. Marine biome includes which of the following?
1. Crustaceans
2. Molluscs
3. Fungi
4. Bacteria
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 4, 3, 1
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
Marine biome includes fishes, whales, crustaceans, molluscs, sea anemones, fungi and bacteria. Marine species are continuously impacted by change in climatic condition and the oceans are frequently disturbed by ocean waves and currents.
77. Which of the following is not a crustaceans?
A) Crab
B) Lobsters
C) Crayfish
D) Cuttlefish
Explanation
Crustaceans are chiefly aquatic arthropods having a body covered with a hard shell or crust and several pairs of legs. Example: crab, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles shrimps, krill etc.
78. An organisms with soft bodies are called as?
A) Molluscs
B) Sea anemones
C) Whales
D) Fungus
Explanation
Molluscs are organisms with soft bodies. Often their bodies are covered by hard shells. Example: snail, slug, squid, cuttlefish, mussel, clams, oysters, octopuses etc.
79. Find out the correct statement about wetland
1. A wetland is an area of land which is permanently saturated with water
2. A wetland is an area of land which is periodically saturated with water
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
A wetland is an area of land which is permanently or periodically saturated with water and exists as a distinct ecosystem.
80. Which of the following roles played by wetlands?
1. Water purification
2. Flood control
3. Carbon sink
4. Shoreline stability
5. Climate control
6. Rain control
A) 1, 3, 4, 6
B) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
C) 3, 4, 5, 6
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
Wetlands play many roles in the environment, such as water purification, flood control, carbon sink and shoreline stability. Wetlands are home to a wide range of aquatic plants and animal life
81. Wetlands can be a______?
1. Freshwater
2. Salt water
3. Brackish water
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 2, 3 only
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
Wetlands can be freshwater, brackish, or saltwater. Examples of aquatic vegetation that thrive in wetlands are milkweed, bald cypress trees, mangroves and cattails.
82. A bog is a type of ________?
A) Swamp
B) Wetland
C) Coral reef
D) None of the above
Explanation
A Bog is a type of wetland ecosystem characterized by wet, spongy, poorly drained peaty soil formed from dead plants specially moss
83. Find out the incorrect statement about Bog?
A) Bogs have moss, sedges, grasses, such as cotton grass
B) Bogs does not have insectivorous plants & orchids.
C) The gradual accumulation of decayed plant material in a bog functions as a carbon sink.
D) A and C
Explanation
Bogs have moss, sedges, grasses, such as cotton grass; insectivorous plants like pitcher plants; and many orchids. The gradual accumulation of decayed plant material in a bog functions as a carbon sink.
84. Consider the following statements, find out the correct answer
1. They receive nutrients from ground water
2. Their characteristic flora are sedges and reeds.
A) Bog
B) Swamp
C) Fen
D) Marshy lands
Explanation
A Fen is a low land that is covered wholly or partly with water. They receive nutrients from ground water and have peaty alkaline soil. Their characteristic flora are sedges and reeds.
85. Which of the following is not a mangrove forests of Tamil Nadu?
A) Muthupet
B) Vedandhangal
C) Ramnad
D) Punnakayal
Explanation
Mangrove forests are found along the coast of Tamil Nadu in Pichavaram, Muthupet, Ramnad, Gulf of Mannar and Punnakayal.
86. Find out the incorrect statement
A) Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands found in temperate and subtropical regions.
B) These wetlands are often found in estuaries, where fresh water meets salt water
C) Mangrove trees dominate this wetland ecosystem due to their ability to survive in both salt and fresh water
D) B and C
Explanation
Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical regions. These wetlands are often found in estuaries, where fresh water meets salt water. Mangrove trees dominate this wetland ecosystem due to their ability to survive in both salt and fresh water
87. Which is the largest Mangrove region in the world?
A) Pichavaram
B) Sundarbans
C) Gulf of Mannar
D) Punnakayal.
Explanation
The Sundarbans is the largest Mangrove region in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
88. Find out the correct statement about terrestrial biomes
1. Terrestrial biomes are very large ecosystems over water
2. They vary according to longitude and climate.
3. They can be divided into numerous sub-types.
A) 1 only
B) 3 only
C) 2, 3 only
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
Terrestrial biomes are very large ecosystems over land and they vary according to latitude and climate. They can be divided into numerous sub-types.
89. Which of the following biome extends between 10° North and South of the equator?
A) Tropical deciduous Forest
B) Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome
C) Tropical Evergreen Rain Forest Biome
D) Tropical Grassland Biome
Explanation
This forest biome has innumerable insects, birds, reptiles and furless animals. At the edge of the forest animals like gorilla, and monkey are found.
90. Tropical Evergreen Rain Forest Biome found in which of the following?
1. Java
2. Sumatra
3. Borneo
4. Malaysia
5. Guinea
A) 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 3, 4, 5
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Explanation
This biome is seen in the Amazon Basin of South America, Congo Basin of Africa and the Indo Malaysian Region of Southeast Asia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia and Guinea)
91. Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): Temperature of tropical evergreen rainforest biome are high year round
Reason (R): This biome is seen in the Amazon Basin of South America
Codes:
A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C) (A) is true but (R) is false
D) (A) is false but (R) is true
Explanation
This biome receives direct sunlight throughout the year and so temperatures are high year round
92. Find out the incorrect statement about Tropical Evergreen Rain Forest Biome
1. The average annual temperature is 30°C to 50°C.
2. The average annual rainfall of the tropical evergreen rain forest is 200mm.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
The average annual temperature is 20°C to 30°C. The average annual rainfall of the tropical evergreen rain forest is 200cm.
93. Trees grow up to _______ meters high in tropical evergreen rainforest?
A) 20 – 40 m
B) 30 – 50 m
C) 20 – 35 m
D) 15 – 45 m
Explanation
The Tropical Evergreen Rain Forest Biome has the largest number of plant and animal species. Broad leaved, tall evergreen hard wood trees are found in this biome. Trees grow up to 20 to 35 meters high.
94. Which of the following trees are found in tropical evergreen rainforest?
1. Rose wood
2. Ebony
3. Cinchona
4. Rubber
A) 2, 3
B) 1, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 4
Explanation
The forest is characterized by thick undergrowth and creepers. The main trees in this biome are mahogany, rose wood, ebony, cinchona, rubber, coconut palm, cane, bamboo etc. This forest biome has innumerable insects, birds, reptiles and furless animals. At the edge of the forest animals like gorilla, and monkey are found.
95. Which of the following tribal pair is correctly matched?
1. Pygmies – Africa
2. Yanomani – Amazon
3. Tikuna – Borneo
A) 1, 3
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 2
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
Important tribes inhabit in tropical evergreen forest biome, for example the Pygmies in the jungles of Africa and the Yanomani and Tikuna tribes of the Amazon region. Traditionally they live by hunting and gathering food.
96. Silent Valley National Park is located in?
A) Karnataka
B) Kerala
C) Maharashtra
D) Assam
Explanation
The forests of the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala on the Western Ghats are the last remaining tropical evergreen forests in India. It is part of the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.
97. Find out the correct statement about tropical evergreen forest
1. In the recent years in Australia, the tropical evergreen rainforest has been slowly replaced by rubber and sugarcane plantations.
2. The human settlements in this biome are small and scattered.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
In the recent years in South East Asia, the tropical evergreen rainforest has been slowly replaced by rubber and sugarcane plantations
98. Which of the following is called as monsoon forest?
A) Tropical deciduous Forest
B) Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome
C) Tropical Evergreen Rain Forest Biome
D) Tropical Grassland Biome
Explanation
Tropical deciduous forest is found in the regions experiencing monsoon climate. This biome is also called as the dry forest or monsoon forest biome
99. Which of the following place does not have monsoon forest?
A) Myanmar
B) Vietnam
C) Thailand
D) South Sudan
Explanation
This is found in South and South East Asia in parts of India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia and southern coastal China. It is also found in eastern Brazil and in smaller areas in South and Central America, the West Indies, southeastern Africa, and northern Australia.
100. In summer the maximum temperature of monsoon forest is from
A) 18°C to 48°C
B) 38°C to 58°C
C) 38°C to 48°C
D) 28°C to 48°C
Explanation
In this biome, the temperature varies from one season to another season. In summer the maximum temperature ranges from 38°C to 48°C. Summer season is warm and humid. In the dry winter season temperature ranges between 10°C to 27°C.
101. The total amount of precipitation in monsoon forest is
A) 75 to 250 cm/year
B) 55 to 150 cm/year
C) 35 to 120 cm/year
D) 75 to 150 cm/year
Explanation
The total amount of precipitation is 75 to 150 cm/year and this affects the natural vegetation of the tropical deciduous forest biome.
102. Consider the following statements, find out the correct answer?
1. The plants shed their leaves during the dry season.
2. Trees here have huge trunks with thick rough barks.
3. The plants grow at three different levels
A) Monsoon forest
B) Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome
C) Tropical Evergreen Rain Forest Biome
D) Tropical Grassland Biome
Explanation
The plants shed their leaves during the dry season. Trees here have huge trunks with thick rough barks. The plants grow at three different levels. The common trees are teak, sal, sandalwood, mahua (illupai), Mango, Wattle, Bamboo, semal (Illavamaram), sheesham (Karuvellamaram) and banyan.
103. Which is one of the most disturbed ecosystem in the world?
A) Grass land ecosystem
B) Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome
C) Tropical Evergreen Rain Forest Biome
D) Tropical deciduous forest
Explanation
The monsoon forest biome faces rapid rate of deforestation and is, therefore, one of the most disturbed ecosystem in the world. Large tracts of forests have been destroyed for agriculture and urban development. Several species of precious animals have now become endangered Example: lions, tigers, leopards, etc.
104. Find out the incorrect statement about temperate deciduous forest
1. The temperate deciduous forest is a biome that is always permanent.
2. This biome lies in the mid- latitude areas of the earth, between the tropics and Arctic Circle
3. It is located between 30° and 90° north and south of the equator
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
The temperate deciduous forest is a biome that is always changing. This biome lies in the mid- latitude areas of the earth, between the tropics and Arctic Circle i.e., between 30° and 50° north and south of the equator
105. The average annual temperature of temperate deciduous forest is?
A) 20°C
B) 40°C
C) 10°C
D) 30°C
Explanation
The temperate deciduous forest biome can be seen in the eastern United States, most parts of Europe, China, Japan, North and South Korea. The average annual temperature is 10°C
106. Temperate deciduous forest biomes have ________ seasons?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 2
D) 5
Explanation
These biomes have four seasons such as winter, spring, summer and fall. Winters are cold and summers are warm. As winter approaches, the duration of day light decreases. In this biome, deciduous trees shed their leaves in the fall..
107. Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): Temperate deciduous forests are known as broad leaved forest
Reason (R): The production of chlorophyll in the leaves slows and eventually stops.
Codes:
A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C) (A) is true but (R) is false
D) (A) is false but (R) is true
Explanation
The production of chlorophyll in the leaves slows and eventually stops revealing leaves having bright red, yellow and orange colors. These forests are also known as broad leaved forest, because the trees have wide flat leaves
108. Which of the following tree is not found in temperate deciduous forest?
A) Maple
B) Beech
C) Hickory
D) Rubber
Explanation
Some important trees found in temperate deciduous forest are oak, maple, beech, hickory, cedar and chestnut.
109. Find out the correct statement about temperate deciduous forest
1. On the forest floor that receive very little sunlight are found mosses, azaleas and mountain laurels
2. Inhabiting the temperate deciduous forest are ants, insects, flies, bees, wasps, cicadas.
3. Frogs, toads, snakes and salamanders are some of the reptiles in this biome
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
Inhabiting the temperate deciduous forest are ants, insects, flies, bees, wasps, cicadas, walking sticks, moths, butterfly, dragon flies, mosquitoes and praying mantises. Frogs, toads, snakes and salamanders are some of the reptiles in this biome. Common birds found in this biome are woodpecker, robin, jays, cardinals, owls, turkeys, hawks and eagles
110. Consider the following statements, find out the correct answer
1. Animals that live in this biome adapt to the changing seasons.
2. Some animals migrate or hibernate in winter.
A) Temperate deciduous Forest
B) Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome
C) Tropical Evergreen Rain Forest Biome
D) Tropical Grassland Biome
Explanation
Small mammals like rabbits, otters, monkeys, beavers, squirrels and porcupine are also seen in this biome along with bears, grey fox, wolves, white tailed deer and moose. Animals that live in this biome adapt to the changing seasons. Some animals migrate or hibernate in winter
111. Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): Temperate deciduous forest is one of the important agricultural regions of the world
Reason (R): Because the average annual temperature is 10°C.
Codes:
A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C) (A) is true but (R) is false
D) (A) is false but (R) is true
Explanation
Most of this forests on the earth are cleared for agriculture. The soil here is very fertile. This is one of the most important agricultural regions of the world.
112. Find out the incorrect statement about grasslands
1. Grasslands are found bordering the deserts and make up for one fifth of the natural vegetation of the earth.
2. Those that lie in the low latitudes are called temperate grasslands
3. The ones which lie in the mid latitudes are called tropical grasslands.
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
Grasslands are found bordering the deserts and make up for one fourth of the natural vegetation of the earth. Those that lie in the low latitudes are called tropical grasslands and the ones which lie in the mid latitudes are called temperate grasslands
113. Which is known as Savanna biome?
A) Temperate Grassland Biome
B) Tropical Grassland Biome
C) Tropical Desert Biome
D) Boreal Forest Biome
Explanation
The tropical grass land biome is generally referred to as the Savanna biome. A savanna is a rolling topography that features vast open grasslands scattered with small shrubs and isolated trees.
114. Find out the correct statement about tropical grassland
1. It is found between the temperate rainforest and desert biome.
2. Tropical grassland biomes are mainly found in Africa, South America and Antarctica.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
It is found between the tropical rainforest and desert biome. Tropical grassland biomes are mainly found in Africa, South America and Australia.
115. Match the following
Tropical grassland Place
a) Savanna – 1. Columbia
b) Ilanos – 2. Brazil
c) Campos – 3. Africa
A) 3, 1, 2
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 1, 3, 2
D) 3, 2, 1
Explanation
Tropical grasslands in Africa is known as the savannas. Tropical grasslands are called as llanos in Columbia and Venezuela and as Campos in Brazil of South America.
116. Find out the correct statement about savanna biomes
A) Savanna biomes experience warm temperature year around.
B) It has very short and dry winter season
C) It has a very short wet summer season.
D) A and B
Explanation
Savanna biomes experience warm temperature year around. It has very long and dry winter season and a very wet summer season. The grass here is very tall often one or two meters
117. Which trees which store water in their trunks?
A) Teak
B) Baobab
C) Sal
D) Sandalwood
Explanation
Savanna biomes experience warm temperature year around. The grass here is very tall often one or two meters tall scattered with small shrubs and isolated umbrella shaped trees like the acacia and the baobab trees which store water in their trunks.
118. Find out the correct statement about savanna grasslands
1. Most of the animals in the savanna have long legs, like the giraffe and kangaroo
2. The carnivorous animals like lions, leopards, cheetahs, jackal and hyenas live in this biome.
3. Zebras and elephants are also found in this biome.
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
In many parts of the savannas of Africa people have started using the grassland for grazing their cattle and goats. Due to overgrazing in this region most of the tropical grasslands here are lost to the Sahara desert year after year
119. Find out the incorrect statement about temperate grasslands
1. The temperate grassland biomes are generally found in the interior of the continents
2. These are also known as steppe
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
The temperate grassland biomes are generally found in the interior of the continents in the mid latitudes. These grassland biomes are found in the transitional zone between the humid coastal areas and the mid latitude deserts
120. Which of the following temperate grassland pair is correctly matched
1. Steppes – Australia
2. Pampas – South Africa
3. Veldts – South America
4. Downs – Hungary
5. Puszta – Europe
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4, 5
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
The temperate grasslands are known as Steppes in Europe and Asia, Prairies in North America (Canada and USA), Pampas in South America, Veldts in South Africa, Downs in Australia and Puszta in Hungary
121. Annual range of temperature in temperate grassland during summer is?
A) 18°C
B) 38°C
C) 28°C
D) 48°C
Explanation
The annual range of temperature is quite large with summer temperature reaching as high as 38°C and winter temperatures falling down to -40° C.
122. Find out the correct statement about savanna grassland
A) The rainfall is moderate from 25 cm to 30 cm.
B) Grasses form a major part of the vegetation in the temperate grasslands.
C) The height of the grasses depends upon the amount and distribution of soil
D) B and C
Explanation
The rainfall is moderate from 25 cm to 50 cm. Grasses form a major part of the vegetation in the temperate grasslands. The height of the grasses depends upon the amount and distribution of rainfall.
123. Which of the following animals are come under temperate grassland?
1. Rattle snakes
2. Pocket gophers
3. Weasel
4. Grasshoppers
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
The animals in this area include the bison, wolves of the Prairies of North America. The other animals and birds are coyotes, prairie dog, foxes, mice, rabbits, badgers, rattle snakes, pocket gophers, weasel, grasshoppers, quails and hawks.
124. _____ is the hottest and driest place on earth?
A) Temperate Grassland Biome
B) Tropical Grassland Biome
C) Tropical Desert Biome
D) Boreal Forest Biome
Explanation
A tropical desert is the hottest and driest place on earth where rainfall is very scanty and irregular. This biome is typically found in the western parts of the continents within the tropics.
125. Which of the following desert does not comes under northern hemisphere?
A) Sahara desert
B) Arabian desert
C) Atacama desert
D) Thar deserts
Explanation
In the northern hemisphere, the Afro – Asian deserts form the longest belt which includes the Sahara desert, Arabian desert and the Thar deserts
126. In North America the tropical deserts cover which of the following places?
1. California
2. Arizona
3. New Mexico
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 3, 1
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
In the northern hemisphere, the Afro – Asian deserts form the longest belt which includes the Sahara desert, Arabian desert and the Thar deserts. In North America the tropical deserts cover, California, Arizona and New Mexico states of USA and it further extends to Mexico.
127. Which of the following is correctly matched
1. Atacama desert – South America
2. Namibian – South Asia
3. Kalahari – Southern Africa
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
The deserts in the southern hemisphere are, the Atacama desert west of Andes mountains in South America, the Namibian and the Kalahari deserts in southern Africa and the Great Australian desert in the central and southern parts of Australia.
128. Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): Plants found in deserts are having long roots, thick barks, waxy leaves thorns and small leaves
Reason (R): To avoid evapotranspiration
Codes:
A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C) (A) is true but (R) is false
D) (A) is false but (R) is true
Explanation
The tropical deserts are not conducive for the growth of vegetation due to shortage of water. The plants found here are the xerophytes which have their own moisture conserving methods such as long roots, thick barks, waxy leaves, thorns and small leaves so as to avoid evapotranspiration.
129. Which of the following are main trees in desert region?
1. Acacia
2. Cacti
3. Date palm
4. Kikar
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
The main trees and bushes found in desert region are acacia, cacti, date palm, kikar, babul etc.
130. Find out the correct statement
1. The tropical desert biomes are agriculturally unproductive except in and near the oasis.
2. In the oasis, cultivation is carried through irrigation either from streams.
3. In the oasis, cultivation is carried through irrigation either from underground sources.
4. Date palms are widely grown here.
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
The animals in this biome are limited in number. They are able to bear the drought and the heat of the desert. Animals like the camel, antelopes, fox, spotted hyena, fallow deer, cape hare, hedgehog etc., live in the desert.
131. The nomads called berbers lives in?
A) South Africa
B) North Africa
C) Australia
D) America
Explanation
The people in the deserts are generally nomads living in tents and moving from place to place. They are the Berbers of North Africa
132. Match the following
Nomads Place
a) Bedouins 1. Arabian deserts
b) Damara 2. Namibia
c) Bushman 3. Kalahari Desert
d) Aborigines 4. Australia
A) 1, 3, 4, 2
B) 4, 3, 2, 1
C) 1, 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 4, 3
Explanation
The people in the deserts are generally nomads living in tents and moving from place to place. They are the Berbers of North Africa, the Bedouins of the Arabian deserts, the Damara in Namibia, the Bushman of the Kalahari Desert and the Aborigines of Australia
133. Nomads in the desert region practice which of the following
1. Food gathering
2. Hunting
3. Herd cattle
4. Subsistence farming
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 3, 4
Explanation
The nomads in desert region practice food gathering and hunting while some herd cattle, goats and camel and some of them practice very simple subsistence farming.
134. The race called The Marathon des Sables (MDS) held every year in?
A) Atacama desert
B) Kalahari desert
C) Thar desert
D) Sahara desert
Explanation
One of the toughest foot races in the world is held in Sahara every year in April. This race is called The Marathon des Sables (MDS) and participants have to cover a distance of 250km over Sahara desert in southern Morocco in a span of 7 days. About 1500 participants aged between 16 to 79 from all over the world participate in this race.
135. Taiga biome is otherwise known as
A) Temperate Grassland Biome
B) Tropical Grassland Biome
C) Tropical Desert Biome
D) Boreal Forest Biome
Explanation
The taiga biome is the largest terrestrial biome and extends across Europe, North America and Asia
136. Find out the correct statement about taiga biome
1. The taiga biome is also known as coniferous forest or boreal forest biome.
2. It extends from about 30° to 55° North to 65 ° to 90° North latitudes.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
The taiga biome is also known as coniferous forest or boreal forest biome. It extends from about 50° to 55° North to 65 ° to 70° North latitudes.
137. Find out the incorrect statement about boreal forest
1. This region lies between the temperate grassland in the north and the polar tundra in the south.
2. The taiga region is absent in the northern hemisphere mainly because of the narrowing of continents towards the North Pole.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
This region lies between the temperate grassland in the south and the polar tundra in the north. The taiga region is absent in the southern hemisphere mainly because of the narrowing of continents towards the South Pole.
138. The mean annual precipitation of taiga ranging between?
A) 15 cm and 20 cm
B) 35 cm and 60 cm
C) 45 cm and 90 cm
D) 25 cm and 100 cm
Explanation
The taiga biome has short wet summer and long cold winters. The taiga region has low mean annual precipitation ranging between 35 cm and 60 cm and the rainfall occurs mostly in summer. It receives plenty of snow during winter.
139. Meadows are present in?
A) Temperate Grassland Biome
B) Tropical Grassland Biome
C) Tropical Desert Biome
D) Boreal Forest Biome
Explanation
The taiga or boreal forest biome consists mainly of evergreen coniferous forests. The important coniferous trees in this biome are pines, spruces, firs, maples and cedars. During the short summer season snow melts and this helps lichens, mosses and short grasses to grow and cover the ground. These are called ‘meadows’.
140. Animals of the ______ have thick fur and the ability to change colors during different seasons?
A) Steppe
B) Savanna
C) Downs
D) Taiga
Explanation
Taiga is the home of some larger animals like moose, deer, and bears, while smaller animals like bobcats, squirrels, chipmunks, ermine, and moles are also found. Animals of the taiga have specialized adaptation including lot of thick fur or feathers and the ability to change colors during different seasons. Example ermine.
141. Find out the correct statement about ermine
1. The ermine is a small mammal
2. Ermine is covered with thick dark brown fur in winter.
3. This changes to white in the summer
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
The ermine is a small mammal, which is covered with thick dark brown fur in summer. This changes to white in the winter, an adaptation which helps the ermine to blend into its surroundings and makes it more difficult for the predators to spot them.
142. ________ is the main occupation of the people in taiga biome?
A) Hunting
B) Mining
C) Food gathering
D) Lumbering
Explanation
Lumbering is the main occupation of the people in areas which are easily accessible. The softwood from the coniferous forests is widely used in the manufacture of wood pulp and paper, newsprint, matches, furniture and building materials.
143. Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): When trees are cut down in the taiga it takes a very long time to restore itself
Reason (R): Because of the very short growing season.
Codes:
A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C) (A) is true but (R) is false
D) (A) is false but (R) is true
Explanation
The hunting of fur bearing animals like musk rats, ermine, and silver fox are important economic activities. The taiga forest is endangered due to logging and mining by humans. When trees are cut down in the taiga it takes a very long time to restore itself because of the very short growing season.
144. Find out the correct statement
A) Tundra is a Finnish word
B) Tundra means grassland.
C) The tundra region is a vast bowl lying below the Arctic Circle
D) B and C
Explanation
Tundra is a Finnish word which means barren land. The tundra region is a vast bowl lying beyond the Arctic Circle (66.5° North latitude) in the northern hemisphere along the shores of the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic tundra extends southwards from North Pole to the Taiga forest.
145. Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): Tundra region is treeless and has very little vegetation
Reason (R): Natural vegetation of tundra mainly consists of shrubs, sedges, grasses, mosses
Codes:
A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C) (A) is true but (R) is false
D) (A) is false but (R) is true
Explanation
Tundra is also found in the high altitudes especially in the Alpine region.Due to long and severe cold winters, this region is treeless and has very little vegetation. The growing season for plants is very short.
146. Find out the incorrect statement about tundra biome
A) The main features of this climate in the tundra region are the general absence of insolation
B) The average annual temperature is about -32°C.
C) The ground surface is covered with snow for at least 3 to 9 months in a year.
D) B and C
Explanation
The main features of this climate in the tundra region are the general absence of insolation and presence of very low temperature throughout the year. The average annual temperature is about -12°C. The ground surface is covered with snow for at least 8 to 9 months in a year.
147. Permafrost tundra covers areas of which of the following
1. Northern Russia
2. Canada
3. Australia
A) 1, 2
B) 1, 3
C) 2, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
In this tundra biome, the sub soil remains permanently frozen and is known as permafrost. Permafrost tundra covers vast barren areas of northern Russia and Canada. Algae and fungi are found on the rocky cliffs and rosette plants grow in rock and gravel beds. Spongy turf and lichen develop in the drier inland tundra
148. Lemmings are found in?
A) Temperate Grassland Biome
B) Tropical Grassland Biome
C) Tropical Desert Biome
D) Tundra Biome
Explanation
Animals common to Arctic tundra are the polar bear, arctic wolf, arctic fox, arctic hare and arctic weasel. Large herbivores such as musk oxen, caribou and reindeer are found. Lemmings are also found in this Biome. Insects like moths, butterflies, beetles, mosquitoes and black flies are common in the Arctic tundra. Migratory birds include tundra swans, harlequin
149. Find out the correct statements
1. The Antarctic region is covered with ice sheets.
2. It is too cold and dry to support vegetation.
3. However, some portions of the continent have areas of rocky soil that support plant life
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 3, 1
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
The Antarctic region is covered with ice sheets. It is too cold and dry to support vegetation. However, some portions of the continent have areas of rocky soil that support plant life. Vegetation comprises of mosses, lichens and liver worts. This area is referred to as Antarctic tundra. Seals and Penguins inhabit the shore areas of Antarctica.
150. The term biological diversity was first used by?
A) F. Dasmann
B) Charles Darwin
C) Eduard Suess
D) E. O. Wilson
Explanation
The term biological diversity was used as early as 1968 by wildlife conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann. Latter in 1988, entomologist E.O. Wilson used the term Biodiversity and this term has been used since then.
151. Find out the correct statement
1. Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms.
2. This includes diversity within species, between species, and between ecosystems.
3. The variety of biodiversity or the number of species in a given area is referred to as species richness.
4. Normally variety of life increases with size of area.
A) 1, 3, 4
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 3
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth. This includes the number of species of plants, animals and microorganisms along with the diversity of genes in these species. Moreover, it embodies the different ecosystems on the planet, for example forests, deserts, coral reefs and wetlands.
152. Biodiversity can be identified at ________levels?
A) 4
B) 2
C) 5
D) 3
Explanation
Biodiversity can be identified at three levels: A. Genetic diversity, B. Species diversity and C. Ecosystem diversity
153. Consider the following statements, find out the correct answer
1. It helps the population to adapt to changes in the environment or adapt to different environments.
2. Domestication of dogs can be taken as a common example.
A) Genetic diversity
B) Species diversity
C) Ecosystem diversity
D) None of the above
Explanation
Genetic diversity refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. Example: Each human being is very different from others. Genetic diversity helps the population to adapt to changes in the environment or adapt to different environments. Domestication of dogs can be taken as a common example.
154. Find out the correct statement
1. Species diversity is the number of different species of plants and animals that are present in a region.
2. A community with less number of species enjoys species richness
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Species diversity is the number of different species of plants and animals that are present in a region. A community with more number of species enjoys species richness naturally undisturbed forests have greater species richness than reforested areas or plantations
155. Which of the following is not a type of species
A) Endemic species
B) Genetic species
C) Exotic Species
D) Cosmopolitan Species
156. ______ is one whose habitat is restricted only to a particular area?
A) Endemic species
B) Genetic species
C) Exotic Species
D) Cosmopolitan Species
Explanation
Endemic species – is one whose habitat is restricted only to a particular area because of which it is often endangered. It differs from “indigenous,” or “native,” which although it occurs naturally in an area, is also found in other areas.
157. Major cause of the continuing loss of biological diversity throughout the world?
A) Endemic species
B) Genetic species
C) Exotic Species
D) Cosmopolitan Species
Explanation
Exotic Species – is any species intentionally or accidentally transported and released by man into an environment outside its original range. These are often the most severe agents of habitat alteration and degradation, and a major cause of the continuing loss of biological diversity throughout the world.
158. Which is a species that is found to be distributed over most regions of the earth?
A) Endemic species
B) Genetic species
C) Exotic Species
D) Cosmopolitan Species
Explanation
It is a species that is found to be distributed over most regions of the earth example: cats, dogs, human beings. The killer whale is considered as the most cosmopolitan species in the world.
159. Find out the incorrect statement
1. Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of life forms in a prescribed ecosystem.
2. Ecosystems may be both terrestrial and aquatic
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of life forms in a prescribed ecosystem. Ecosystems may be both terrestrial and aquatic. Distinctive terrestrial ecosystems include forests, grasslands, deserts, etc. while aquatic ecosystems are rivers, lakes, oceans etc
160. Scientists have identified over _____ species worldwide?
A) 9.8 million
B) 8.7 billion
C) 8.7 million
D) 9.8 billion
Explanation
Of this only about 2 million are known to us ranging from microorganisms to giant mammals and reptiles. New species are being discovered while many species are also disappearing from the face of the earth.
161. Which of the following is the hottest spots for species diversity.
A) Tropical rainforests
B) Temperate rainforest
C) Tropical deciduous forest
D) Grasslands
Explanation
Areas that are rich in species diversity are called as “Hotspots”. The hottest spots for species diversity are the tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests comprise of only 7% of all land on earth, yet are home to nearly 50% of all the species on Earth! India is among the World’s 17 nations that are exceptionally rich in species diversity.
162. Who coined the term biodiversity hotspot?
A) F. Dasmann
B) Norman myers
C) Eduard Suess
D) E. O. Wilson
Explanation
The British biologist Norman Myers coined the term ‘biodiversity hotspot’ in 1988. According to him, a biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region characterized both by exceptional levels of plant endemism and by serious levels of habitat loss
163. According to Conservational Internationals, to qualify as a hotspot a region must contain which of the followings?
1. It must contain at least 2,500 species of endemic plants,
2. It must have lost at least 50% of its original habitat
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Conservation International (CI) adopted Myers concept of ‘hotspots’ and it made an extensive global study of hotspots in 1999. According to CI, to qualify as a hotspot a region must meet two strict criteria: (i) It must contain at least 1,500 species of endemic plants, and (ii) It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat
164. Currently ______ biodiversity hotspots in the different countries of the world?
A) 24
B) 44
C) 34
D) 54
Explanation
In 1999, CI’s book ‘Hotspots: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions’, identified 34 biodiversity hotspots in the different countries of the world.
165. Who was the first to alert global community to tropical deforestation?
A) F. Dasmann
B) Norman myers
C) Eduard Suess
D) E. O. Wilson
Explanation
Norman Myers (born 24 August 1934) is a British environmentalist specializing in Biodiversity hotspots. Professor Norman Myers was the first to alert global community to tropical deforestation, the mass extinction underway and environmental security
166. Asiatic Lion is endemic to which of the following?
A) Gir forest
B) Khasi hills
C) Kaziranga forest
D) Sundarbans
Explanation
Endemism is an ecological word meaning that a plant or animal lives only in a particular geographical location, such as a specific island, habitat type, country or any defined zone. For example, The Asiatic Lion of the Gir forest of Gujarat
167. The Kashmir Stag is otherwise known as?
A) Hangul
B) Lion
C) Crocodile
D) Elephant
Explanation
The Kashmir Stag known as Hangul, which is found in the riverine forests of Kashmir Valley and Chamba in Himachal Pradesh.
168. Western Ghats of South India is endemic to which of the following?
A) Pygmy hog
B) Indian Javan rhinoceros
C) Malabar large-spotted civet
D) Lion Tailed Macaque
Explanation
The Lion Tailed Macaque is India’s most threatened monkey which is endemic to the Western Ghats of South India
169. Biodiversity hotspot represent just _______ % of Earth’s land surface?
A) 3.4
B) 2.3
C) 3.2
D) 1.2
Explanation
Currently there are 34 biodiversity hotspots that have been identified and, most of them occur in tropical forests. They represent just 2.3% of Earth’s land surface, but between them they contain around 50% of the world’s endemic plant species and 42% of all terrestrial vertebrates
170. India has ______ biodiversity hotspots?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 2
Explanation
India has 4 biodiversity hotspots: the Western Ghats, the Himalayas, the Indo-Burma region and the Sundaland [includes Nicobar group of Islands]
171. Which of the following is not a biodiversity hotspot
1. The Tropical Andes
2. Mesoamerica
3. The Caribbean Islands
4. The Atlantic Forest
5. Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena
6. Southwest Australia
A) 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
C) 3, 4, 5, 6
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Explanation
172. Find out the correct statement about Conservational International (CI)
1. It is an American nonprofit environmental organization
2. It is founded in 1997 in Virginia.
3. Its goal is to protect nature as a source for food, fresh water, livelihood and a stable climate.
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
CI has helped to support 1,200 protected areas across 77 countries, safeguarding more than 601 million hectares of marine and coastal areas.
173. IUCN stands for?
A) The International Union for the Conserving of Nature
B) The Indian Union for the Conservation of Nature
C) The International Union for the Conservation of Nature
D) The International United for the Conservation of Nature
Explanation
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has identified and classified species based on the nature of their depleting numbers. The IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species, identified in 1964, is the world’s most important inventory of the global conservation status of biological species
174. Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into ______ groups?
A) 8
B) 7
C) 9
D) 12
Explanation
They are Extinct, Extinct in the wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near threatened, Least concern, Conservation dependent, Data deficient.
175. Species are classified by the IUCN based on which of the following criteria
1. Rate of decline
2. Population
3. Size
4. Fragmentation
Explanation
Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation
176. Find out the incorrect statement
1. Extinct in the wild species has disappeared and no known individuals remaining
2. Threatened species are known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Extinct (EX) – The species has disappeared and no known individuals remaining. Extinct in the wild (EW) – Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range
177. Consider the following statements, find out the correct answer
1. Species that have drastically dwindled
2. Species are at extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
A) Critically Endangered
B) Endangered
C) Vulnerable
D) Near threatened
178. Which of the following is correctly matched
1. Endangered – High risk of endangerment in the wild
2. Vulnerable – High risk of extinction in the wild
3. Near threatened – Likely to become endangered in the near future
A) 1, 2 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) All the above
Explanation
Endangered (EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild. Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild
179. Find out the correct statement
1. Least concern are at highest risk widespread and abundant
2. Conservation dependent group has now merged with least concern
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Conservation dependent (cd) – This group has now merged with near threatened. Least concern (lc) – Lowest risk widespread and abundant
180. Find out the correct statement
1. Data deficient shows that not enough data to assess
2. Not evaluated means species not yet been evaluated
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Data deficient (dd) – Not enough data to assess the risk of extinction of the species. Not evaluated (ne) – Species not yet been evaluated against the criteria.
181. Which of the following does not comes under IUCN’s threatened category
A) Critically Endangered
B) Near threatened
C) Endangered
D) Vulnerable
Explanation
In the context of the IUCN Red List, ‘threatened’ embraces the three categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.
182. Find out the correct statement?
1. According to the IUCN those species that have dwindled drastically are called as Endangered and are included as Red List.
2. Species that have disappeared are called as critically endangered species.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
According to the IUCN those species that have dwindled drastically are called as Critically Endangered and are included as Red List. Species that have disappeared are called as extinct species.
183. Red list of IUCN was first released in the year of?
A) 2010
B) 2015
C) 2012
D) 2009
Explanation
In the Red List of 2012 that was released on 19 July 2012 at Rio+20 Earth Summit 19,817 species were threatened with extinction.
184. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species are also known as
1. The IUCN Red List
2. Red Data List
3. Threatened list
A) 1, 3
B) 1, 2
C) 2, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, is the world’s most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.
185. Find out the correct statement about IUCN
A) It is the world’s third main authority on the conservation status of species.
B) In the context of the IUCN Red List, ‘threatened’ embraces the three categories
C) A series of Regional Red Lists are produced by countries which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit.
D) B and C
Explanation
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world’s main authority on the conservation status of species. A series of Regional Red Lists are produced by countries or organizations, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit.
186. A plant species alula located in
A) Hawaiian
B) Sumatra
C) Java
D) Great Britain
Explanation
A Hawaiian plant species called Alula locally referred to as cabbage on a stick has moved from Critically Endangered to Extinct in the Wild.
187. Find out the incorrect statement about alula
1. It is one of the 38 Red Listed Hawaiian plant species with less than five wild individuals remaining
2. It used to grow on the windy sea cliffs of Baffin
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
It is one of the 38 Red Listed Hawaiian plant species with less than five wild individuals remaining. It used to grow on the windy sea cliffs of Kauai
188. Hurricanes Iwa hit Hawaiian during?
A) 1972
B) 1992
C) 1982
D) 1962
Explanation
Alula was destroyed by hurricanes Iwa and Inki in 1982 and 1992 leaving only less than 10 plants alive
189. The Eastern Gorilla the largest living primate is endemic to which of the following
1. Congo
2. Uganda
3. Rwanda
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
The majority of the great ape species are now Critically Endangered. The Eastern Gorilla the largest living primate is endemic to the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, south western Uganda and Rwanda.
190. Find out the incorrect statement about eastern gorilla
1. This species which was listed as Endangered has moved to Critically Endangered in 2010 due to an ongoing population decline.
2. This decline is due to illegal hunting and destruction of forests for agriculture.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
This species which was listed as Endangered has moved to Critically Endangered in 2016 due to an ongoing population decline. This decline is due to illegal hunting and destruction of forests for agriculture. If this trend continues, around 93% of Eastern Gorillas will be eliminated by 2054.
191. Find out the incorrect statement about pygmy hog
1. It is the biggest and rarest wild pig on earth
2. It is an endangered species previously spread across Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal.
3. But now only found in Gujarat, India.
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
The Pygmy Hog: It is the smallest and rarest wild pig on earth and it is a Critically Endangered species previously spread across Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal. But now only found in Assam, India.
192. Who started Pygmy Hog Conservation Program?
A) Goutam Narayan
B) Srinivas Narayan
C) Williamson
D) None of the above
Explanation
In 1995, the Pygmy Hog Conservation Program was started by Goutam Narayan of Ecosystems-India, with the help of the Assam government and now their numbers have increased to about 150
193. Which of the following are Critically Endangered bird species in India 2016?
1. White-bellied heron
2. Great Indian bustard
3. Forest owlet
4. Spoon-billed sandpiper
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 2, 3, 4
D) None of the above
Explanation
Critically Endangered bird species in India 2016- Siberian crane. Indian vulture, Himalayan quail, Pink-headed duck
194. Which of the following is not a critically endangered reptile species of India in 2016?
A) Madras spotted skink
B) Gharial
C) Toad-skinned frog
D) Rameshwaram parachute spider
Explanation
Critically Endangered species in India 2016 Arthropod – Rameshwaram parachute spider, Peacock tarantula. Reptiles and amphibians -Madras spotted skink Gharial, Toad-skinned frog, Charles Darwin’s frog, White-spotted bush frog, Munnar bush frog, Ponmudi bush frog, Anaimalai flying frog
195. Which of the following are Critically Endangered mammal species in India 2016?
1. Asiatic cheetah
2. Namdapha flying squirrel
3. Himalayan wolf
4. Andaman shrew
A) 2, 3
B) 1, 2, 4
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
Mammals – Asiatic cheetah, Namdapha flying squirrel, Himalayan wolf, Andaman shrew, Nicobar shrew, Northern Sumatran rhinoceros, Chinese pangolin, Pygmy hog, Indian Javan rhinoceros, Malabar large-spotted civet
196. The plant Alliumiatrouinum belongs to which region?
A) Mediterranean
B) Sumatra islands
C) Caspian Sea
D) Andaman
Explanation
The plant Alliumiatrouinum of the Mediterranean, belonging to the onion family was added to the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered (CR) in 2017.
197. Find out the incorrect statement about plant Alliumiatrouinum?
1. Currently this plant is known to exist only on Mount Ochi in the southern part of Evvia Island, German.
2. It is understood that the threat was from the numerous wind parks and wind turbines developed in the area.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Currently this plant is known to exist only on Mount Ochi in the southern part of Evvia Island, Greece. It is understood that the threat was from the numerous wind parks and wind turbines developed in the area.
198. Find out the incorrect statement about Pittosporum brevispinium
1. An endemic species of small trees growing at low altitudes in New Caledonia called Pittosporum brevispinium
2. It has declined causing it to move from Endangered to Critically Endangered in 2017.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
An endemic species of small trees growing at low altitudes in New Caledonia called Pittosporum brevispinium has declined causing it to move from Endangered to Critically Endangered in 2017. The species decline has been attributed to conversion of dry forests to pasture land and degradation of forest by the Rusa deer.
199. The Red-legged Fire Millipede is found in the rainforests of _______?
A) Andaman
B) Maldives
C) Madagascar
D) Hawaiian
Explanation
The Red-legged Fire Millipede is found in the rainforests of Madagascar. It entered the IUCN Red List in 2017 as, Critically Endangered (CR).The degradation of its habitat due to slash and burn agriculture and cutting of trees for firewood by local communities has caused its decline.
200. The last known individual Christmas Island Whiptail-skink died in captivity in ____?
A) 2010
B) 2014
C) 1998
D) 2015
Explanation
The IUCN Red List in 2017 declared the Christmas Island Whiptail-skink endemic to Christmas Island as Extinct. The last known individual died in captivity in 2014.
201. Which of the following is the reason for extinction of the Christmas Island Whiptail-skink?
1. Yellow Crazy Ant
2. Indian Wolf Snake
3. Mining
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) All the above
Explanation
The IUCN Red List in 2017 declared the Christmas Island Whiptail-skink endemic to Christmas Island as Extinct. The last known individual died in captivity in 2014This dramatic decline and extinction was due to the impact of the introduction of Yellow Crazy Ant, Indian Wolf Snake and other new species on Christmas Island along with deforestation due to mining
202. The status of the Rodrigues Flying Fox moved from ________ to Endangered in 2017
A) Least concern
B) Nearly threatened
C) Critically endangered
D) None of the above
Explanation
The status of the Rodrigues Flying Fox moved from Critically Endangered to Endangered in 2017. This was due to a number of conservation measures taken, such as, captive breeding program involving 46 zoos around the world, restoration of natural habitat, watershed protection, and awareness rising through education programs. Its population has increased from 4,000 in 2003 to about 20,000 individuals in 2016. The future survival of this species will depend on continued conservation efforts.
203. Find out the correct statement
1. Extinction is defined as the permanent disappearance of an organism from the face of the earth.
2. In other words extinction is all members of a species have died.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Extinction is defined as the permanent disappearance of an organism from the face of the earth. In other words, all members of a species have died. This means a loss of biodiversity. Extinction of species may take place due to a variety of causes
204. Which of the following are causes of extinction of species
1. Environmental change
2. Volcanic eruption
3. Pest infection
4. Hunting
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
Sudden and rapid changes of environmental conditions. The sudden outbreak of disease and pest infections. Some sudden events like forest fires, volcanic eruption etc. Direct hunting and persecution of species leading to ‘selective mass extinction.
205. Which of the following is not a reason for extinction of species
A) Large carnivores
B) Rainfall distribution
C) Climate change
D) Man induced environmental changes
Explanation
Ecological substitution by other species of large carnivorous animals which compete for the same food resources. Climatic change accelerates the competition between large mammals for shelter and food. Extinction of weak species during the course of competition with more powerful and stronger species. Man-induced environmental changes also cause species extinctions.
206. Find out the correct statement
1. Between 1600 and 1900 it is estimated that one species went extinct every four years.
2. According to IUCN the rate of extinction of mammals and birds had started much earlier by 1700 itself
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
207. Which of the following is correctly matched about animal extinction
1. Hunting – 32
2. Species Introduction – 35
3. Habitat destruction – 46
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
208. Which of the following are some of the major threats to biodiversity
1. Habitat destruction
2. Invasive alien species
3. Climate change
4. Poaching
5. Pollution of air
A) 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 3, 4, 5
C) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
Habitat destruction and degradation. Invasive alien species-these can destroy native species Example, lantana Camera plant in India. Climate Change- Example, bleaching and loss of coral reefs due to global warming. Pollution of air, water and soil – Pollution can alter the growth and life of organisms in a great way. Over exploitation of one resource –Hunting or Poaching, Deforestation influence the.
209. Since the 1960’s over ______ ‘protected areas’ have been established?
A) 10000
B) 100000
C) 1000000
D) 1000
Explanation
Despite rapid efforts in protecting terrestrial and marine habitats, world’s diversity of species is still dwindling. Since the 1960’s over 100,000 ‘protected areas’ have been established. This represents 11,265,408 sq.km of land and 1,609,344 sq.km of ocean. Yet, terrestrial and marine species have declined over the same period. This suggests that the common conservation strategy of protecting areas of land and sea is inadequate.
210. Which of the following are basic objectives of biodiversity conservation?
A) To maintain essential ecological processes and life supporting systems.
B) To control hunting of species.
C) To get rid of invasive alien species and ecosystems.
D) B and C
Explanation
The three basic objectives of biodiversity conservation are: (a) To maintain essential ecological processes and life supporting systems. (b) To preserve the diversity of species. (c) To make sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems.
211. Conservation of biodiversity divided into?
A) 3
B) 5
C) 2
D) 6
Explanation
Conservation of bio-diversity is the proper management of the biosphere by human beings in such a way that it gives maximum benefits for the present generation and also develops its potential to meet the needs of the future generations. There are two types of conservation methods namely in-situ and ex-situ conservations.
212. Consider the following statements, find out the correct statement
1. It means the conservation of species within their natural habitats.
2. This strategy involves identification of species rich areas and adopting methods to protect it
A) Ex-situ conservation
B) In-situ conservation
C) Cryopreservation
D) None of the above
Explanation
In-situ conservation means the conservation of species within their natural habitats. This strategy involves identification of species rich areas and adopting methods to protect it
213. Which of the following does not comes under In-situ conservation
A) National Park
B) Wildlife Sanctuary
C) Biodiversity hotspots
D) Biosphere Reserve
Explanation
In-situ conservation means the conservation of species within their natural habitats. This strategy involves identification of species rich areas and adopting methods to protect it in the form of National Park or Wildlife Sanctuary or Biosphere Reserve etc. In this way biodiversity can be conserved in their natural habitat from human activities.
214. Which of the following are the methods of Ex-situ conservation
1. Sacred plants home garden
2. Seed banks
3. field gene banks
4. cryopreservation
5. Botanical gardens
6. Zoological gardens
7. Aquaria
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
C) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Explanation
Ex-situ conservation involves maintenance and breeding of endangered plants and animals under partially or wholly controlled conditions in specific areas like zoo, gardens, nurseries etc.
215. Find out the correct statement
1. India is one of the 19 mega bio-diverse countries of the world
2. With only 2.4% of the world’s land area, 16.7% of the world’s human population and 18% of livestock, it contributes about 18% of the known global biodiversity
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
India is one of the 17 mega bio-diverse countries of the world (according to Conservation International). With only 2.4% of the world’s land area, 16.7% of the world’s human population and 18% of livestock, it contributes about 8% of the known global biodiversity
216. Which of the following does not comes under endangered species of India
A) Dugong
B) Gharial
C) Millipede
D) Snow leopard
Explanation
India has a number of globally important endangered species like Asiatic lion, Asian elephant, one-horned rhinoceros, Gangetic river dolphin, snow leopard, Kashmir stag, dugong, gharial, great Indian bustard, lion tailed macaque etc.
217. Find out the incorrect statement
1. The Government of India enacted the Wild Life (Protection) Act 1986
2. The act was enacted with the objective of effectively protecting the wild life of this country and to control poaching, smuggling
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
The Government of India enacted the Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 with the objective of effectively protecting the wild life of this country and to control poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives.
218. National Board for Wildlife is chaired by
A) Prime Minister
B) President
C) Cabinet secretary
D) Environment ministry
Explanation
The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) chaired by the Prime Minister of India, provides for policy framework for wildlife conservation in the country.
219. Find out the correct statement
1. The National Wildlife Action Plan (2005–2016) was adopted in 2005
2. It emphasizing the participation of environment ministry and their support for wildlife conservation
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
The National Wildlife Action Plan (2002–2016) was adopted in 2002, emphasizing the people’s participation and their support for wildlife conservation
220. The subject of forests and wildlife present in
A) State list
B) Concurrent list
C) Union list
D) None of the above
Explanation
The Indian Constitution lays the subject of forests and wildlife in the Concurrent list thus laying the responsibility of wildlife conservation on both the Centre and the State.
221. Which of the following project is not taken by India
A) Project Tiger
B) Operation Crocodile
C) Project pygmy hog
D) Project Snow Leopard
222. Match the following
a) Project Tiger – 1. 1973
b) Operation Crocodile – 2. 1975
c) Project Rhinoceros – 3. 1987
d) Project Elephant – 4. 1988
A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 1, 4, 3
C) 1, 3, 4, 2
D) 1, 2, 4, 3
Explanation
223. Which of the following are international cooperation
1. WWF
2. UNDP
3. UNEP
4. IUCN
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation
Specialized projects: To save the endangered species of animals, specialized projects are being implemented with international cooperation (WWF, UNDP, UNEP, IUCN).
224. Which of the following have been given full legal protection against hunting recently?
A) Chinkara
B) Great Indian Bustard
C) Snow leopard
D) Asiatic lion
Explanation
More recently, the Black Buck (chinkara) the Great Indian Bustard and the snow leopard have been given full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade throughout India.
225. There are _____ categories of the Protected Areas in India?
A) 5
B) 6
C) 4
D) 8
Explanation
Protected areas are those in which human occupation is small and exploitation of resources is limited. There are 4 categories of the Protected Areas in India: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves.
226. Which of the following is correctly matched
1. Conservation Reserves – 76
2. Community Reserves – 36
3. National Parks – 173
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) None of the above
Explanation
Conservation Reserves – 67. Community Reserves – 26. National Parks – 103.
227. Which of the following protected areas are higher in number?
A) Conservation Reserves
B) Community Reserves
C) Wildlife sanctuary
D) National Parks
Explanation
Conservation Reserves – 67. Community Reserves – 26. Wildlife sanctuary – 537.
228. Match the following
Protected Areas Number % of the Country
a) National Parks – 1. 1.2
b) Wild life Sanctuaries – 2. 3.6
c) Conservation Reserves – 3. 0.1
d) Community Reserves – 4. 0.01
A) 4, 3, 2, 1
B) 1, 2, 4, 3
C) 1, 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 3, 4, 2
Explanation
229. Find out the correct statement
1. India’s first national park was established in 1921.
2. First national park was silent valley national park
3. It is located in Assam
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
India’s first national park was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, now known as Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand.
230. Find out the incorrect statement
1. National parks in India are WWF category II protected areas.
2. A National park is an area with ecological, geomorphological and natural significance with rich fauna and flora, designed to protect and to develop wildlife or its environment
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
National parks in India are IUCN category II protected areas. A National park is an area with ecological, geomorphological and natural significance with rich fauna and flora, designed to protect and to develop wildlife or its environment
231. In which of the following no human activity is permitted?
A) National Parks
B) Wild life Sanctuaries
C) Conservation Reserves
D) Community Reserves
Explanation
Activities like grazing, hunting, forestry or cultivation etc. are strictly prohibited. No human activity is permitted inside the national park.
232. Find out the incorrect statement
A) The difference between a Sanctuary and a national park lies mainly in the rights of people living inside.
B) In a Sanctuary, certain rights are not allowed for grazing
C) In a wildlife Sanctuary, the Chief Wildlife Warden will not regulate certain activities.
D) There are a total of 537 wildlife sanctuaries in India.
Explanation
The difference between a Sanctuary and a national park lies mainly in the rights of people living inside. In a Sanctuary, certain rights are allowed but in a national park, no rights are allowed for grazing of any livestock.
233. Find out the incorrect answer
1. Conservation reserves and community reserves in India denote the protected areas of India
2. These are typically act as transition zones between established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries of India
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
3. Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Conservation reserves and community reserves in India: These terms denote the protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones between established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests of India
234. Consider the following statements, find out the correct statement
1. They are uninhabited and completely owned by the Government of India
2. But they are used for subsistence by communities
A) Wildlife sanctuary
B) Cryopreservation
C) Conservation reserve
D) Community reserve
Explanation
They are called as ‘Conservation Reserves’ if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the Government of India but used for subsistence by communities. They are called ‘Community Reserves’ if a part of the land is privately owned.
235. _______ of India protect very large areas of natural habitat?
A) Wildlife sanctuary
B) National park
C) Biosphere reserve
D) Community reserve
Explanation
A biosphere reserve is an area of land or water that is protected by law in order to support, sustain and conserve ecosystems. Biosphere Reserves of India protect very large areas of natural habitat that are much bigger than national parks or wildlife sanctuaries.
236. Which of the following is not covered by Nilgiri Biosphere
A) Bandipur National Park
B) Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
C) Silent Valley National Park
D) Sariska tiger reserve
Explanation
Biosphere reserves may cover multiple national parks, sanctuaries and reserves which are contiguous.example, the Nilgiri Biosphere covers: Bandipur National Park, Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Silent Valley National Park, Nagarhole National Park and Mukurthi National Park
237. Which of the following does not comes under biosphere reserve
A) Core area
B) Buffer zone
C) Protected area
D) Transition zone
Explanation
Biosphere reserves are traditionally organized into 3 interrelated zones, known as: Core area, Buffer zone, and Transition zone.
238. Find out the incorrect statement
1. There are 18 notified biosphere reserves in India.
2. 13 out of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programmed list.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Presently there are 18 notified biosphere reserves in India. Ten out of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programmed list.
239. Find out the correct statement
1. Project Tiger was launched by the Government of India in the year 1972 to save the endangered species of tiger in the country.
2. Starting from 7 reserves in 1973 the number has now grown to 500 in 2016
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Project Tiger was launched by the Government of India in the year 1973 to save the endangered species of tiger in the country. Starting from nine (9) reserves in 1973 the number has now grown to fifty (50) in 2016
240. Which of the following conservation site is correctly matched
1. Tiger Reserves -30
2. Elephant Reserves -22
3. Biosphere Reserves -28
4. RAMSAR Wetland Sites -16
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
Tiger Reserves -50. Elephant Reserves -32. Biosphere Reserves -18. RAMSAR Wetland Sites -26
241. Which of the following conservation site is incorrectly matched
1. Natural World Heritage Sites – 07
2. Important Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Areas -107
3. Marine Protected Areas – 131
4. Important Bird Areas – 563
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 3, 4
C) All the above
D) None of the above
Explanation
242. Sariska Tiger Reserve is located in
A) Gujarat
B) Rajasthan
C) Madhya Pradesh
D) Maharashtra
Explanation
In Sariska tiger reserve Rajasthan villagers have fought against mining by citing the wildlife protection act. In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting government involvement
243. Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri is located in?
A) Rajasthan
B) Mumbai
C) Madhya Pradesh
D) Maharashtra
Explanation
The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of forests as the Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri declaring their own set of rules and regulation which do not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.
244. Find out the correct answer
1. Communities are playing a vital role in the conservation and protection of wildlife
2. In and around Bishnoi villages in Maharashtra, herds of blackbuck, nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community and nobody harms them.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) Both 1 & 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck, nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community and nobody harms them.
245. In the last 15 years Remote Sensing and GIS has been used to develop ____ as a method to identify biodiversity?
A) Species analysis
B) Location analysis
C) Gap analysis
D) Area analysis
Explanation
Recently Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used as a tool to identify new areas that need to be conserved. In the last 15 years Remote Sensing and GIS has been used to developed gap analysis as a method to identify biodiversity (i.e., species, ecosystems and ecological processes) that is not adequately conserved within a protected area network or through other effective and long-term conservation measures. Gap analysis is a method of comparison of actual performance with potential or desired performance. It was thus developed in response to recognition, that protected areas of all types and in all parts of the world do not fully protect biodiversity. Gap analysis is usually applied to fairly large areas of study.
246. Biodiversity includes which of the following things and services?
1. Cultural
2. Recreational
3. Spiritual nourishment
A) 1, 2
B) 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 1, 2, 3
Explanation
Biodiversity is necessary for our existence as well as valuable in its own right. This is because it provides the fundamental building blocks for the goods and services that provide us with a healthy environment. Biodiversity includes fundamental things to our health like fresh water clean air and food products, as well as many other products like timber, medicine and fibre. Biodiversity also includes various other important things and services such as cultural, recreational and spiritual nourishment that play an important role in maintaining our personal life and social life.
247. Cheetah is found in which of the following continent
A) Africa
B) Europe
C) Australia
D) North America
Explanation
Cheetah is found in Africa and Asia. It is the fastest land animal on Earth. The Asiatic cheetah, is slightly smaller than the African cheetah. It has a fawn-colored body with black spots and distinctive black “tear marks” running from the corner of each eye down the side of its nose.
248. The Asiatic cheetah is surviving today only in?
A) Pakistan
B) India
C) China
D) Iran
Explanation
The Asiatic cheetah also known as the Iranian cheetah is surviving today only in Iran. It was once found in the Arabian Peninsula, Near East, Kyzyl-Kum desert, Caspian region, Pakistan and India.
249. The Asiatic Cheetah is now present in which of the following list?
A) Extinct
B) Endangered
C) Critically endangered
D) Extinct in the wild
Explanation
Asiatic cheetahs were once widespread across the continent but were eradicated in India, where they were hunted for sport. The spread of farming also greatly reduced their numbers in the 19th and 20th centuries. Eventually the animal was wiped out in Asia to which it was once native.
250. In 1948 who shot three of the last cheetahs in India?
A) Ramanuj Pratap Singh
B) Prithviraj Chauhan
C) Rana pratap singh
D) Bappa rawal
Explanation
They were kept by Kings and princes, but hunting led to their extinction in the country. In 1948, Maharajah Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo shot three of the last cheetahs in India, in Surguja, State of Madhya Pradesh which is present day Northern Chhattisgarh.